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Respiratory system SA > Pulmonary Blood Flow, Gas Exchange and Transport (Haemoglobin and gas transport) > Flashcards

Pulmonary Blood Flow, Gas Exchange and Transport (Haemoglobin and gas transport) Flashcards

1
Q

How much oxygen dissolves per litre of plasma

A

3ml

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2
Q

How much does haemoglobin increase red bloods cells oxygens carrying capacity

A

200ml/L

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3
Q

How do you measure the oxygen delivery

A

times the oxygen solubility by the cardiac output (5L/Min)

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4
Q

What does arterial pressure of oxygen refers to

A

oxygen in plasma solution

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5
Q

How is oxygen solution determined in the plasma

A

the solubility of oxygen and the partial pressure (at alveoli) of O2 in the gaseous phase that is driving O2 into solution

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6
Q

Why is it important that gases do not travel in gaseous phase in the plasma

A

can cause a fatal air embolism

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7
Q

How much of the arterial oxygen is extracted by the peripheral tissue

A

25% of the potentially 1000ml/min delivery

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8
Q

What is the oxygen demand of resting tissues

A

250ml/min

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9
Q

How much oxygen binds per gram of haemoglobin and how much haemoglobin is present per litre of blood

A

1.34ml/g

150g/L

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10
Q

What form is 92% of the heamoglobin found in

A

HbA

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11
Q

What is the remaining 8% of heamoglobin made up of

A

HbA2
HbF
Glycosylated Hb

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12
Q

What is the main determent in how much haemoglobin can become saturated

A

The partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood

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13
Q

How does haemoglobin work

A

Hb pulls the oxygen in from the plasma, meaning more oxygen from the alveoli is pulled over as a partial pressure gradient is maintained
complete saturation takes 0.25s

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14
Q

When is haemogoblin nearly 100% saturated

A

normal systemic arterial PO2 of 100 mm Hg.

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15
Q

Is partial pressure of oxygen directly proportional to oxygen saturation?

A

No, if partial pressure of oxygen is changed drastically, there is only a small decrease in oxygen saturation as blood want to cary as much oxygen as possible

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16
Q

What is the percentage of saturation at normal venous blood (deoxygenated) 40mmHg

A

75% saturation

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17
Q

What two haemoglobins have a higher affinity for oxygen then normal adult haemogoblin

A

Foetal haemoglobin

myoglobin

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18
Q

Where is myoglobin most likely to be found

A

Oxidative muscle fibres, of

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19
Q

Why does Foetal haemoglobin need a higher affinity for oxygen?

A

To extract oxygen from maternal blood

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20
Q

Why does myoglobin have an even higher affinity than foetal haemoglobin and adult haemoglobin

A

As can store oxygen quickly and deliver it to exercising muscles

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21
Q

Define anaemia

A

a condition where the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is compromised -

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22
Q

What are three examples of factors that can cause anaemia

A

Iron or vitamin B deficiency

Haemorrhage

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23
Q

What affect does the partial pressure have on anaemia

A

No effect, anaemia has nothing to do with ventilation or the diffusion of oxygen to the blood

24
Q

How can iron deficiency slightly affect saturation of oxygen

A

decreases the number of oxygen binding sits on haemoglobin

25
Q

why is it not possible to have a low partial pressure of oxygen and a normal total blood of oxygen

A

Partial pressure is required to push the oxygen onto the blood

26
Q

What four chemical factors change haemoglobin affinity for oxygen

A

Temperature
CO2
pH
DPG (diphosphogylcerate)

27
Q

What does metabolising tissue

Low pH, High CO2 and Temperature’s affect on Hb saturation

A

Decreases Hb saturation, as makes oxygen more readily available to respiring cells

28
Q

What happens to the pH in exercising muscle and whats its affect on Hb saturation

A

acidosis, pH levels drop due to the production of lactic acid this reduces Hb affinity for oxygen so it gives oxygen to tissues quicker

29
Q

What is the effect of decreasing temperature and CO2 levels and increasing the pH have on Hb saturation

A

the heamoglobin holds on to the oxygen tighter making it more difficult for it to give it up

30
Q

Decreasing temperature increases Hb affinity and also helps what?

A

collection of oxygen in the pulmonary circulation.

31
Q

What synthesises DPG

A

erythrocytes

32
Q

What happens to Hb affinity for oxygen when 2-3-DPG is added

A

The affinity is decreased

33
Q

In what situations does DPG increases, examples

A

situations associated with inadequate oxygen supply

example: high altitudes, chronic heart of lung disease

34
Q

what is a benefit of DPG?

A

helps deliver oxygen to cells in hypoxic conditions,

35
Q

CO binds to haemoglobin to form what?

A

carboxyhemoglobin

36
Q

What is the problem of CO poisoning

A

Hb has a much higher affinity to CO, so CO binds readily and dissociates very slowly, preventing and delaying oxygen uptake

37
Q

what is the minimum PCO required to start carbon monoxide poisoning

A

0.4mmHg

38
Q

What is the characteristics of carbon monoxide poisoning

A

Hypoxia and anaemia,
nausea and headaches,
cherry red skin and mucous membranes

39
Q

Why is the respiratory rate unaffected in CO poisoning?

A

The arterial partial pressure of CO2 is normal, therefore as your body is sensitive to CO2 you are still going to breathe it out normally

40
Q

What is the treatment for CO poisoning

A

Give 100% oxygen

additionally give CO2

41
Q

Why would you give CO2 in the treatment for CO poisoning

A

body will breathe and increase ventillation to get rid of the CO2

42
Q

Define hypoxia

A

inadequate supply of oxygen to the tissues

43
Q

What are the five main types of hypoxia

A 
Hypoxic 
Anaemia 
Ischaemic  
Histotoxic 
Metabolic
44
Q

How does Hypoxic hypoxia occur

A

decreased atmospheric partial pressure of O2 or tissue pathology

45
Q

How does Ischaemic hypoxia occur

A

heart disease, inefficient pumping of blood around the body

46
Q

How does Histotoxic hypoxia occur

A

poisoning prevents cells utilising oxygen delivered to them

47
Q

How does metabolic hypoxia occur

A

oxygen delivery to the tissues does not meet increased oxygen demand by cells

48
Q

How does anaemia hypoxia occur

A

reduction in 02 carrying capacity of blood due to anemia

49
Q

Where does 70% , 7% and 23% of the CO2 go when diffused into the body

A

70%
Combines with erythrocytes and water in the systemic capillary and originally forms carbonic acid

7%CO2 dissolves in the plasma

23%
Enter the erythrocytes and combine deoxyhaemoglobin forming carbamino compounds

50
Q

What happens to the products of carbonic acid in the erythrocytes

A

excess H+ ions bing to deoxyhaemoglobin

Bicarbonate moves out the plasma in an exchange form chlorine

51
Q

what occurs in the pulmonary capillaries in CO2 transport

A

The reverse of the systemic capillary as CO2 Moves down conc gradient from blood to alveoli

52
Q

How is normal pH stable in regards to CO2 ability to readily change the pH

A

All CO2 is usually expired

53
Q

In what situation can CO2 change the ECF pH

A

Hyper and Hypo ventilation

54
Q

How does Hypoventilation affect the ECF pH

Whats is called

A

retain CO2 , decreases the pH

Respiratory acidosis

55
Q

How does Hyperventilation affect the ECF pH

Whats is called

A

blow of more CO2, increases pH

Respiratory alkalosis

56
Q

What is the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning

A 
Hypoxia 
anemia 
nausea 
headache 
cherry red colour 
mucous membrane

Respiratory system SA (37 decks)

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