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Respiratory system SA > Pathology of Lung Cancer > Flashcards

Pathology of Lung Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major cause of Lung cancer

A

Smoking - 85%

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2
Q

What is further examples of the aetiology of lung cancer

A

asbestos exposure (mineral)
Environmental radon (decay of radioactive elements in granite type rocks)
Other occupational exposures such as nickel, hydrocarbons etc.
Air pollution from an urban environment
Other radiation
Pulmonary fibrosis

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3
Q

In what gender is the risks of lung cancer higher and why

A

Male - higher cigarette consumption

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4
Q

What is another name for Lung cancer

A

Pulmonary Neoplasia

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5
Q

How is pack years measured

A

packs per year per day

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6
Q

How do you reduce you risk of lung cancer as a smoker a

A

abstinence

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7
Q

What does tobacco consumption effect

A

The epithelium

Multi hit theory of carcinogenesis - activating procarcinogenesis

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8
Q

Is the livers detoxification for tobacco smoke efficient

A

No

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9
Q

What is the two main pathways of the carcinogenses of the lungs and there tumour names

A

In the lung periphery - adenocarincoma

In the central lung airways - squamous cell carcinoma

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10
Q

What changes occur in the lung periphery (main lung)

A

branchioalveolar epithelia stem cell transforms

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11
Q

What changes occur in the central lung airways

A

Bronchial epithelia stem cells transform

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12
Q

What are the 5 onconogenes in lung cancer

A 
KRAS
EGFR 
BRAF 
HER2 
ALK rearrangements
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13
Q

What onconogenes is smoking induced

A

KRAS

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14
Q

What is the potentially tumours of the lungs

A
  • Benign causes of mass lesion
  • Carcinoid tumour – low grade malignancy.
  • Tumours of bronchial glands (very rare)
  • Lymphoma
  • Sarcoma
  • Metastases to lung – very common
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15
Q

What is the detrimental effect of primary lung cancer being a silent disease

A

symptoms don’t show for a long time, increasing its malignancy - making it less likely to be cured

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16
Q

What do squamous cells lead to in lung cancer

A

Hypercalcemia - destruction of bones

17
Q

What is the leading cell type of lung cancer

A

adenocarinoma (in the periphery of the lungs)

18
Q

What is the effect of small cell carcinoma on the endocrine

A

releases hormones

19
Q

What parts surrounding the respiratory tract can lung cancer locally effect

A 
Bronchial 
Pleural
Lymph node
chest wall 
nerves
20
Q

What is the effects of bronchial obstruction caused by lung cancer

A

Collapse of the lungs
infection
abscess
increased mucous -mucous ciliary escalator blocked
Endogenous lipoid pneumonia (cholestrol)
Bronchiectasis - bronchial widening

21
Q

What causes changes in the pleura

A

inflammation of the tumour

22
Q

What can the tumour directly invade

A

The chest wall (e.g. pericardium, vena cava)

23
Q

The destruction of the phrenic nerve by metastasis lung cancer results in what

A

paralysis of the diaphragm

24
Q

Destruction of the Left recurrent laryngeal causes what?

A

paralysis of vocal cords

Presents a Bovine cough -cow like sound

25
Q

Destruction of what nerve would cause neurological syndromes in the arm

A

Brachial plexus

26
Q

Lung cancer destroying cervical sympathetic ganglion (nerves on the side of the neck ) results in what syndrome

A

Horner’s syndrome

a condition marked by a contracted pupil, drooping upper eyelid, and local inability to sweat on one side of the face, c

27
Q

Where is the distant metastasis of lung cancer

A

liver, adrenal glands, bone, brain, skin

28
Q

Where can the Paraneoplastic Effects of Lung cancer affect in the body

A 
skeletal 
endocrine
Neurological 
cutaneous 
Haematologic
Cardiovascular
Renal
(check notes for the conditions)
29
Q

Secondary to local effect of lung cancer are either what

A

neural or vascular

30
Q

What are non metastasis effect usual mediated by

A

auto - immunity

31
Q

What is examples of non metastasis effects

A

Finger clubbing

Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy (combined clubbing and inflammation of small hand joints)

32
Q

What are the investigations for Lung cancer

A

Chest x ray (or adv. CT/MRI/PET)
Bronchoscopy
Trans-thoracic fine needle aspiration/biopsy

33
Q

What does the prognosis for lung cancer depend on

A
  • Stage of disease
  • Classification of disease
  • Markers/oncogenes/gene expression profiles
34
Q

What prognosis is worse non small cell carcinoma or small cell carcinoma

A

small cell carcinoma

35
Q

What selects patients for therapy

A

predicative biomarkers

36
Q

when does endogenous lipoid pneumonia occur

A

when obstruction occur and lipids from dead alveolar walls enter the bronchial tree

37
Q

What are the symptoms of Horners syndrome

A

a condition marked by a contracted pupil, drooping upper eyelid, and local inability to sweat on one side of the face, caused by damage to sympathetic nerves on that side of the neck

Respiratory system SA (37 decks)

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