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Respiratory system SA > Developmental aspects of lung disease > Flashcards

Developmental aspects of lung disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five stages of lung morphogenesis

A
  1. Embryonic
  2. Pseudo-glandular
  3. Canalicular
  4. Saccular
  5. Alveolar
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2
Q

What two stages are organogenesis

A

Embryonic

Pseuglandular

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3
Q

What occurs in the stage embryonic

A

The trachea develops form a single tube

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4
Q

What does the primary bronchial tubules contain in the embryonic stage

A

Fluid filled

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5
Q

What stage does a primitive looking lung form

A

Psnedo-glandular

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6
Q

What can be seen in the pseudo-glandular stage

A 
Lobes form 
Formation of major airways 
Formation of bronchial tree 
Birth of the acinus 
(a region of the lung supplied with air from one of the terminal bronchioles)
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7
Q

Is gas exchange possible in the pseudo-glandular stage?

A

No

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8
Q

What 3 stages are in the differentiation stage of lung morphogenesis

A

Canalicular
Saccular
Alveolar

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9
Q

What change occurs in the canalicular stage

A

Epithelial differentiates

Formation of air blood barrier - SURFACTANT

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10
Q

When does gas exchange become available

A

at the end of the canalicular stage

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11
Q

What also occurs in the saccular stage and alveolar stage

A

expansion of air spaces with saccules and alveoli

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12
Q

What continues postnatal lung growth?

A

alveolar seperation

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13
Q

What happens to the lungs with increasing age

A

loose lung function (after peaking)

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14
Q

What gives the biggest decline in loosing lung function

A

smoking

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15
Q

What lung abnormalities can occur in the embryonic stage

A

tracheal, laryngeal stenosis -
pulmonary agenesis
tracheo-oesophageal fistula

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16
Q

What is tracheoesophageal fistula

A

is an abnormal connection (fistula) between the esophagus and the trachea

17
Q

What is tracheal, laryngeal stenosis

A

Narrowing of the trachea

18
Q

What is pulmonary agenesis

A

Failure of lung development

19
Q

What is the lung abnormalities than can occur in the Pseudoglandular stage

A

pulmonary sequestration
cystadenomatoid malformation
cyst formation

20
Q

What is pulmonary sequestration

A

nonfunctioning mass of normal lung tissue located in the lower respiratory tract

21
Q

What is Cystadenomatoid malformation

A

when an entire lobe of lung is replaced by a non-working cystic piece of abnormal lung tissue

22
Q

When does diaphragm closure occur

A

18 weeks

23
Q

What is two examples of diaphragm abnormalities

A

Diaphragmatic hernia

Eventration

24
Q

What is eventration of the diaphragm

A

protrusion of contents of the abdomen through a defect or weakness in the abdominal wall

25
Q

What is Diaphragmatic hernia

A

an abnormal opening in the diaphragm

26
Q

What is the effects of Diaphragmatic hernia

A

pulmonary hypoplasia

leading to persistent pulmonary hypertension

27
Q

Define Pulmonary hypoplasia

A

incomplete development of the lungs, resulting in an abnormally low number or size of bronchopulmonary segments or alveoli

28
Q

Where is Diaphragmatic hernia more common and why?

A

On the left side as the liver on your right can potentially plug the hole

29
Q

What two functional changes happen at birth

A

Change from fluid secretion of saline to breathing in air

Pulmonary vasodilatation

30
Q

What occurs in Transient tachypnea in new borns

A

there hasn’t been a rapid shift from fluid secretion in the lungs and the baby is struggling to breathe in air

31
Q

What is the name of a surfactant deficiency

A

Hyaline Membrane Disease (RDS)

32
Q

What is the treatment for surfactant deficiency

A

Antenatal glucocorticoids - stimulate surfacant
Surfactant replacement
Oxygen
CPAP - keep airways open with positive pressure
Mechanical ventilation

33
Q

What can chronic neonatal diseases increase the risk of

A

severity bronchiolitis
asthma
future COPD

34
Q

What can be a cause of surfactant deficiency

A

Being born to premature

35
Q

What features of antental increase the risk of COPD development

A

in utero nicotine exposure - mother smoking
nutrition
low birth weight/prematurity (antenatal steroids)
micronutrients/vitamins

36
Q

What features of postnatal increase the risk of COPD development

A

infection - reduce lung function
growth - don’t grow as well
environmental pollution e.g. tobacco smoke
micronutrients/vitamins

37
Q

What is the affect of Antenatal programming, environmental exposures or gene interactions

A

Lung remodelling

38
Q

Does low lung function improve with age?

A

No

Respiratory system SA (37 decks)

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