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Respiratory system SA > Embryology 3 > Flashcards

Embryology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the trachea develop from

A

from the layrnotracheal groove on ventral wall of the foregut - oesophagus

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2
Q

What separates the trachea and the oesophagus

A

oseophaotracheal septum

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3
Q

How many weeks gestation until the trachea and lungs full develop

A

4 weeks

8 weeks

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4
Q

After the formation of the lung buds what do they go on to invaginate
and what surrounds them

A

Invaginate visceral mesoderm

surrounded by pleural cavity and parietal pleura

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5
Q

What does the splanchnic and somatic mesoderm in the lungs go on to develop

A

visceral pleura - splanchnic

parietal pleura - somatic

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6
Q

What is the 5 differentiation stages of lung buds development

A 
Embryonic 
Pseuglandular 
Canaicular 
saccular 
alveolar
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7
Q

What is the morphology of the lung buds

A

elongate
widen
form sacs
then finally bud into tiny alveoli

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8
Q

Where does the sept transverse develop between

A

the thorax and the abdomen

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9
Q

What is the septum transversums initially location

and what does it bring down with it in the formation of the diaphragm

A

opposite c3 - c5 and brings down the nerves (phrenic) to supply the diaphragm

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10
Q

What four embryonic parts does the diagram form from?

A

septum transversum
2 pleuraperitonial membranes
peripheral body wall muscle
mesentery of oesophagus

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11
Q

What part of the diaphragm does the septum transverse form

A

Central tendon

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12
Q

What two parts form the muscular part of the diaphragm

A

2 pleuraperitonial membranes
(extended visceral + pleural membranes)
peripheral body wall muscle

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13
Q

What part of the diaphragm does the mesentery of oesophagus form

A

the crura of the diaphragm

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14
Q

Define fitsula and aretesia

A

Fistula
an abnormal or surgically made passage between a hollow or tubular organ and the body surface, or between two hollow or tubular organs

Artesia
a condition in which an orifice or passage in
the body is (usually abnormally) closed or absent

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15
Q

What occurs in the congenital condition Tracheoesophageal fistula

A

Trachea, larynx and oesophagus fail to separate, oesophagus blocked of and fails to develop

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16
Q

What are the congenital developmental abnormalities occurring in respiratory embryology

A 
Tracheoesophageal fistula 
Tracheal stenosis 
cystadenomatoid malformation
cyst formation 
Accessory lobes 
Surfacant and respiratory distress syndrome 
Agenesis
Lobe of azygous vein 
Diaphragmatic hernia 
Histal hernia
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17
Q

Define congenital abnormality

A

birth defect, or anomaly, is a condition existing at or before birth regardless of cause

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18
Q

In the embryonic period, the lungs from as what first in the ventral part of the respiratory tract

A

Lung bud grown and develops until forms median trachea with two lateral pockets

19
Q

Where do the pulmonary arteries individuate from in the embryonic period

A

6th aortic arch

20
Q

What 3 differentiation stages of the lung buds are in the foetal period

A

pseuglandular stage
canalicular stage
saccular stage

21
Q

When and what occurs in the pseuglandular stage

A

(7 -17 weeks). Setup of all pulmonary structures except elements needed for gas exchange
Lobes elongate, cells grow large and look like canals

22
Q

In the canalicular stage what does the respiratory bronchiole give rise to?

A

the tubes that make up the respiratory part of the lung enabling gas exchange to take place

23
Q

What is the development of the epithelium in the canalicular stage

A

Differentiation of epithelium into cuboidal secretory cells (Type II pneumocytes) which will synthesize the surfactant, and flat cells (Type I pneumocytes).

24
Q

How long does the canalicular stage take

A

17-27 weeks

25
Q

What is finally formed in the saccular stage of lung bud development and what is the cell change
how long does this take

A

Formation of alveolar sacs which change in epithelium to simple squamous
week 27-40

26
Q

What separates the alveolar sacs

A

separated by primary septa

27
Q

What progressively divides the alveolar into smaller sub units forming alveoli

A

secondary septa

28
Q

What stage of differentiation is in the postnatal period and how long is the process

A

Alveolar stage (32 weeks to 8 years)

29
Q

What occurs in the alveolar stage

A 
formation of alveoli 
alveoli enlarge (increase as lungs increase)
30
Q

What produces surfactant, whats it composed of and its function

A

type 2 pneumocytes
phospholipids and proteins
Counteracts surface tension at air-alveolar interface

31
Q

What is a major cause of respiratory distress syndrome and what does this go on to from and prevent

A

surfactant deficiency

Hyaline membrane preventing the function of gas exchange

32
Q

What is an example of a congenital condition that is asymptomatic and causes no harm

A

An accessory lobe

33
Q

What is the congenital condition of Agenesis of the lung

A

complete absence of bronchus, parenchyma, and vessels - lung don’t develop

34
Q

What is the congenital condition of Lobe of Azygos vein

A

Lung grows on either side of azygous vein and invaginate it

35
Q

What embryonic component forms the primitive part of the diaphragm

A

pleuroperitoneal membrane

36
Q

What is the three major defects causing diaphragmatc hernia

A

Failure of the diaphragm to completely close during development
Herniation of the abdominal contents into the chest
Pulmonary hypoplasia

37
Q

Define the term hernia

A

general term used to describe a bulge or protrusion of an organ through the structure or muscle that usually contains it

38
Q

What are the two different hernias

A

diaphragmatic hernia

hiatal hernia

39
Q

Define Pulmonary hypoplasia

A

incomplete development of the lungs, resulting in an abnormally low number or size of bronchopulmonary segments or alveoli

40
Q

What occurs in a diaphragmatic herniae

A

Protrusion occurring through the diaphragm muscle

41
Q

Where does a hiatal hernia protrude the diagram

A

the protrusion of an organ, typically the stomach, through the oesophageal opening in the diaphragm

42
Q

What are the two forms of hiatal hernias

A

sliding hiatus hernia - into the oesophagus

paraesophageal hiatus hernia - beside the oesophagus

43
Q

When is diaphragmatic closure

A

18 weeks

Respiratory system SA (37 decks)

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