Psych test 5 Flashcards
demandingness
how much parents set down rules and expectations
responsiveness
how sensitive parents are to their child’s needs and how much
parents express warmth
Permissive parenting
lenient, accepting, low expectations, few rules
Authoritative parenting
responsive, power-like, high expectations, assertive
uninvolved parenting
passive, neglectful, absent
Authoritarian parenting
punishment, clear rules, power-over, emotionally distant, high expectations
What is authoritative most associated with?
independent, self-assured, creative, socially skilled, academic success, empathy, optimism,
Effects of authoritarian parenting on boys and girls
boys - aggressive
girls - anxious, unhappy
effects of a permissive parent
lack self control, issues getting along with teachers and peers
effects of uninvolved or disengaged parenting
high impulsivity, higher rates of behavior problems
Asian cultures: Filial piety
belief that children should respect, obey, and revere their parents
throughout life
Latino American cultures: Respecto
respect for and obedience to parents and elders (especially dad)
Latino American cultures: Familismo
emphasizes the love, closeness, and mutual obligations of Latinx
family life
what age is middle childhood
6 to 9
What age was Piagets concrete operations stage? What are the skills?
age 7 to 11
capable of using mental operations
organize and manipulate information in mind
conservation
seriation tasks
What are seriation tasks?
sorting by size, color, number
criticisms of Piaget’s tasks
focus on mastery
exposure to tasks and practice can influence performance
The calm before the storm
golden age - high well being and low volatility
frequency of negative emotions decline
environment requires better emotion regulation
Ambivalence
experiencing two
contradictory emotions
simultaneously
gender development in developed countries
gender attitudes and behavior become more stereotypes
associate certain personality traits with specific gender
jobs become associated with gender
How does middle childhood for puberty start?
the proportion of body fat increases
reaches threshold level
what does reaching the threshold do?
series of chemical events triggers
ovaries and testes increase production of sex hormones
sex hormones
estrogens and androgens
estradiol and testosterone
hormonal changes
maturation of primary and secondary sex characteristics
primary
production of eggs (ova); production of sperm
girls
menarche
release 1 egg per cycle
boys
spermarche - around age 12
produce millions
secondary sex characteristics
growth of pubic hair
voice changes
production of skin oils and sweat
white American and British girls
girls begin 2 years earlier than boys
Kikuyu culture in Kenya
boys begin before girls
Age at beginning
strongly influenced by technology (eg, food production, medical care)
early maturing for girls
negative for girls
depressed mood, negative body image, eating disorders
early maturing for boys
positive for boys
better body image, more popular
formal operations stage
starts at age 11
completes at age 15 to 20
development of abstract thinking
hypothetical deductive reasoning
process of applying scientific thinking to tasks
forming and testing hypotheses, drawing conclusions
executive function
cognitive control of thought, behavior, and emotion
goal-directed, regulation of attention
Why does it pop back up in adolescence?
this is another period of accelerated growth (12-15)
PFC development
one of the last brain structures to develop
adolescence PFC
imbalance between mature areas and immature PFC
why does conflict with parents increase?
Cognitive development
more independence and autonomy
parental concerns about safety
What are children’s responses to divorce?
25% have severe emotional or behavioral issues
What factors influence how divorce affects children?
quality of relationships between family members
switch from high conflict to low conflict post divorce
children’s functioning improves
selective association
people tend to prefer being around others who are like themselves
Intergroup contact theory
when majority and minority groups interact, negative feelings about each other tend to dissipate
time of rapid biological growth
2 to 5 years
critiques of piaget
use of formal operations in all situations/problems
individual differences
cultural differences
what are the two periods of accelerated growth?
early childhood - 3 to 5
early to mid-adolescence - 12 -15
Adolescents depend more on…..
friends for companionship and intimacy compared to family
what do close and emotional friendships in adolescence lead to?
improvements in anxiety, depression, and self-worth 10 years later
friendships in developing countries
more time spent with family, but friends are still important
what is the most important feature of adolescent friendships?
intimacy - sharing of personal knowledge, thoughts, and feelings
What age does formal operations start?
At age 11
