psych final Flashcards
Four Revolutions – developed countries
Technology revolution
sexual revolution
Women’s movement
Youth movement
Technology revolution
Manufacturing economy = knowledge
economy, requiring information and
technology skills
Sexual Revolution
FDA approval of birth control
pill
Shift in standards of sexual
morality
Women’s Movement
Expanded opportunities for
women
Role of women in society
Youth Movement
Change in how young people
view meaning and value of
adulthood and its roles
1950’s – eager to “settle down”
Five features of emerging adulthood
- Identity explorations
- Instability
- Self-focus
- Feeling in-between
- Possibilities/optimism
Europe
Longest emerging adulthood time
Age of marriage and parenthood around 30
Asia
Capable of supporting parents financially as criteria
Identity exploration and self-development – within narrower
boundaries
Developing countries - urban areas
Urban areas – more likely to experience emerging adulthood, access to more opportunities
Developing countries- rural areas
Rural areas – less school, marry earlier, limited occupation choices
Erikson’s theory
identity vs. identity confusion =
crisis/challenge in adolescence
What were the 3 theories Erickson had for identity formation?
- assessing abilities and strengths
- Identifications that have accumulated by modeling others (parents, friends,
other people from childhood) - Assess opportunities available to them in society
James Marcia - Identity Status Interview
Diffusion
Moratorium
Foreclosure
Achievement
Diffusion
No exploration, no commitment
Not attempting to try out
potential options, not trying to
make commitments
Moratorium
Exploration, but no commitment
Trying out different possibilities/options
(personal, occupational, ideological)
Which possibility best suits me?
Foreclosure
No exploration, but fully committed
Parental influence
Exploration is important, foreclosure not
healthiest status
Achievement
follows the period of moratorium
exploration + commitment
Made definite choices
Heightened awareness of ethnic identity
1.Assimilation
2. Marginalization
3. Separation
4. Biculturalism
When do you feel more aware of ethnic identity?
Attending a PWI
Being the only person of color in a workplace
Being the only minority family in a neighborhood
Having a strong ethnic identity related to:
Better overall well-being
Academic achievement
Lower rates of risk behavior
Ethnic-racial socialization
Parental communication of specific values, standards, skills, etc. for specific racial/ethnic group
“Protective” socialization:
Preparation for bias
Cultural socialization
Cultural socialization
each children about positive, traditional, and cultural
aspects of their group (cultural pride)
preparation for bias
explicitly teach children about discrimination their group
experiences and how to deal with it
“Detrimental” socialization:
Preparation for mistrust
Preparation for mistrust
explicitly telling children not to trust other ethnic/racial
groups because they are a threat
Children begin making assumptions about race before age?
5
Racist attitudes are thought to solidify around age
9 or 10
Recentering
shift in emerging adulthood from living with family (geographically,
socially, and emotionally) and moving toward long-term partnership
What is a major component of romantic relationships?
Intimacy
Cohabitating
Common in US, Canada, and northern European countries
Do you think US couples that live together before marriage are more or less likely to get divorced?
more likely
Adults who cohabitate tend to be at higher risk for divorce
sexuality in emerging adults
Have higher rates of hooking up compared to older adults
Contraceptive use high but inconsistent
Premarital sex rates highest in Australia, Canada, the United States, and Europe
Substages of Late Adulthood
Young-old
Old-old
Oldest old
What age is young old?
60-74
What age is old-old?
74-84
What age is oldest old?
85 and up
What group is more likely to have difficulty with activities of daily living?
oldest old
Functional age
represents competence
and performance of older adults
(compared to chronological age)
ex - An 80 year old with a functional age of 70
Primary aging
inevitable, biological
aging that takes place in all humans
ex - graying, wrinkling, declining height
Secondary aging
decline in physical
functioning due to lifestyle behaviors
Changes in Vision
Reduced visual acuity
Cataracts most common visual
impairment
Lens gets thicker = vision gets
cloudy and distorted
Changes in Hearing
Acuity diminishes for high-pitched sounds
May develop tinnitus = hearing a ringing or buzzing sound with no external source
Hearing loss associated with loneliness and depression
Negative effect on social functioning – conversations are strenuous and stressful
successful aging
New and more positive perspective on aging
1.Maintaining physical health
2. Maintaining cognitive functioning
3. Continued engagement
a nutritious diet
Slows down primary aging
Enhances immune system
risk for disease and illness
increases
increases with age
Movement/exercise
Lowers risk of disease
Increases muscle and bone mass
Slows primary aging
Aerobic exercise
Enhances respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive systems
Strength training
Builds muscle and bone mass, can make daily tasks/activities easier
Procedural memory
– relatively little decline
Semantic memory
– slower decline
Frequency of tip-of-the-tongue
phenomenon – people’s names
episodic/autobiographical memory
Substantial declines
Better memory for events from long, long ago
Harder time with recent events
Reminiscence bump
better recall (more vivid, more detail) for personal events
from age 10 to 30 compared to recall for events from age 30 to 50
When does the brain start to shrink?
Late adulthood around 30 and accelerates around 60
What does the brain shrinking entail?
brain mass declines
spaces within the brain increase
What parts of the brain are affected by brain shrinking?
hippocampus, cerebellum, frontal lobe
Brain changes caused by primary aging…
can be exacerbated by secondary aging
There is a decline in which neurotransmitters?
Acetylcholine
dopamine
acetylcholine
memory function
dopamine
movement and motor coordination
What are you at a risk for with a loss of dopamine?
Parkinsons disease
When is there an increase in risk for dementia?
Late adulthood
Most common type of dementia?
Alzheimer’s
Pattern of structural decline in the
brain
Earliest symptom of Alzheimer’s
loss of memory for recent events and
familiar names and tasks
Alzheimer’s progression
Memory for recent events affected first, then earlier events and people are forgotten and then decline into unawareness – of people, places, events
Alzheimer’s progression- personality changes
more anxious and aggressive, lower interest in previously
enjoyed activities
Frontal lobe is affected =
harder time inhibiting behaviors
Later stages of Alzheimers
ability to speak and control bodily functions is lost
Buildup of amyloid plaques
deposits of amyloid beta (a protein) and clumps of dead neurons
Brain is supposed to clear out amyloid beta, but does not
Development of neurofibrillary tangles
bundles of twisted fibers that appear
within neurons
What is thought to be a contributor of amyloid buildup?
Genetic risk/mutations
issues with protein processing
chronic inflammation
dysfunction of microglia (disposal of waste)
What is thought to be a contributor of neurofibrillary tangles?
Genetic risk
cellular stress and damage interaction with amyloid beta
Factors influencing Alzheimer’s risk
Genetics – ApoE gene = higher risk
Gene X Environment
ApoE gene + diet high in fat and sugar=
more likely to develop disease
ApoE gene + low-fat diet =
less likely to develop disease
Lifestyle factors for Alzheimers
Maintain cognitive engagement in late adulthood – acts as “exercise for the brain”
Education in emerging adulthood…
predicts synaptic density in older adulthood
Why can education predict Alzheimer’s?
People with more education typically have jobs that are more cognitively
challenging
Treatment
No cure
Medication to limit loss of ACh
Lots of research on new treatments is ongoing
marginalization
when kids experience a sense of rejection from the majority culture
don’t 100% identify or align with their parents culture
marginalization
when kids experience a sense of rejection from the majority culture
don’t 100% identify or align with their parents culture
separation
you remove yourself from American culture and hone into your home culture
biculturalism
dual identity
