Hes 350 Flashcards
What makes up the cell?
Extracellular fluid surrounding, plasma membrane, cytoplasm
What are the two subdivisions of the cytoplasm?
Organelles and cytosol
What makes up the organelles
Non membranous organelles and membranous organelles
Glycoprotein
protein with a carbohydrate attached
Glycolipid
lipid with a carbohydrate attached
anchoring proteins
attach the plasma membrane to other structures stabilizing its position
recognition proteins
are detected by the immune system. may be integral or peripheral
Where are enzymes?
in plasma membranes
What do receptor proteins bind to?
bind to ligands
carrier proteins
bind solutes and transport them across the plasma membrane
channels
integral proteins that form a passageway across the plasma membrane allowing for water and other solutes that wouldn’t be able to cross the lipid bilayer
What are the functions of a plasma membrane?
Serves as a protective barrier
Regulate transport in and out of cell (selectively permeable)
Allow cell recognition
Provide anchoring sites for filaments of cytoskeleton
Provide binding sites for enzymes
Interlocking surfaces bind cells together
contains cytoplasm
Freely permeable membranes
any substance can pass without any difficulty
selectively permeable membranes
permit the passage of some materials and blocks the passage of others
Impermeable membranes
Nothing can pass through at all. Living things do not have this
Tight cell junctions (top to bottom)
mucous layer
Apical layer
Basolateral surface
Gap junction
allow for the exchange of substances from the cytoplasm of one cell to another adjacent cell
Can help in terms of heart contractions
anchoring junction
tight junction holding cytoskletons together using actin
active transport
requires ATP, goes up the concentration gradient
passive transport
simple diffusion - high to low concentration until equal
facilitated fusion - uses protein channels to be able to travel through
sodium-potassium pump
powered by ATP
Na goes out of the cytoplasm into the extracellular fluid outside of the cell
K outside of the EF into the cytoplasm
osmosis
diffusion of water through the semi permeable membrane down the concentration gradient
endocytosis
form of active transport where substances are brought into the cell
exocytosis
cell exports molecules out of the cell. It is an active and bulk transport
endoderm
lining of airways, digestive system
ectoderm
epidermis, endocrine glands, adrenal cortex
mesoderm
connective tissue, bones, blood, skeletal muscles
connective tissue
connect body parts, helps transportation, helps protect other vital tissues
What is the extracellular matrix made of?
made by fibroblast
loose connective tissue proper
absorbs shock and binds tissues together; found between
organs
dense connective tissue proper
there is more collagen fibers
has a greater resistance to stretching
fibers are parallel
contain elastin and collagen
supporting connective tissue
cartilage, bone
Hyaline cartilage - large amount of proteins and carbohydrates
bone connective tissue
Location - Cartilage, bone
Characteristics - densely packed fibers
Function - provide strength for the body and protect soft tissues and organs
Fluid connective tissue
Location - blood and lymph
Characteristics - has plasma, and blood elements derived from hemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
Function - helps deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove waste
nervous tissue
Location - neurons
Characteristics- composed of nerve cells and glial cells. Neurons are nuclei surrounded by a soma that have dendrites coming off of it with an axon tail and an axon terminal at the end.
Function - sends electrical signals throughout the body. This allows for bodily functions to occur
Muscle tissue
Location - Skeletal and cardiac and smooth muscle
Characteristics - elastic, contractility, and excitability
Function - provides movement to tissues, body parts and the whole body. They respond to stimuli and contract or shorten based on it
somatic cells
not involved in reproduction, make up tissues, muscles, bones, they are diploid meaning they have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. Somatic cells are ones that duplicate causing cancer and by studying them we can understand how the mutations lead to tumors and how they grow to resist treatment. This could help towards finding a cure. Somatic cells are also used in SCNT which is highly used in cloning by taking the nucleus of the cell and inserting it into an egg cell. This causes some ethical issues because cloning something to use for science is not a widely accepted practive since the goals are usually to harvest the clone for its organs
Embryonic cells
are taken from an early-stage embryo and the advantage is that they are pluripotent meaning they can turn into whatever cell. This could be used to regenerate broken-down tissue or repair a damaged organ. A disadvantage is also an ethical concern of destroying a human embryo to use for its cells. Depending on some political views, some may view the embryo as a life. Another disadvantage is the fact that they are pluripotent and can duplicate a lot because this could cause cancer.
Induced Pluripotent
these are stem cells that can be generated from adult somatic cells. These cells can also differentiate into any cell. These are produced by altering the genes of an adult somatic cell and reverting it to its pluripotent state. This could be used to repair organs by taking damaged cells and reverting them to healthy heart cells and then transplanting them back in to repair the damaged tissue. Since it can be derived from the patients own cells, the risk of rejection lowers also because the immune system will recognize the cells and wont attack them. A disadvantage is that since we are introducing new genes this can alter genetic and epigenetic material.
Mucous membrane
membranes that line passages in the body that are exposed to the external environment. They protect from pathogens and maintain moisture. They have an epithelial layer that aids with the secretion and moisture and then it also has a connective tissue layer that helps with immune defense because it contains those cells. They also help with the absorption of nutrients
Serous membrane
They are found in close body cavities and aid in reducing the friction between organs when they move. They have two layers, one that lines the inside within the cavity, the visceral, and one that lines the outside, the parietal layer. They also have some serous fluid that helps keep the organs moisturized, avoiding that friction. The mesothelium provides support and nutrients to the epithelial cells.
Synovial membrane
lines the inner surface of the synovial joints and produces synovial fluid to make sure the joints are lubricated and don’t rub together. They are made up of synoviocytes which help clean up unwanted debris and substances in the joint and produce synovial fluid. As well as providing lubrication, it also ensures that the fluid helps absorb any shock and distributes it throughout the joint, protecting the bone.
sensors
The sensors are what detects a change in the environment. They know when something is off
controls
the control center which then processes the info and decides if a response is needed.
effector
the effectors will then do what needs to be done to bring whatever change back to its homeostatic environment.
negative feedback loop
when you want to bring a homeostatic change back to it’s normal range. Once its done, thats it
positive feedback loop
when the product of a reaction leads to an increase in that reaction, it moves further from equilibrium.
feed-forward processes
anticipate a change before it happens so when it does happen, the process is easier.
What are tight junctions held together by?
transmembrane proteins
claudin and occludins
Where are tight junctions found?
in epithelial cells
What forms the channel in gap junctions?
connexin protein
What are the anchoring proteins?
catenins and cadherins
desmosome junctions
highly ordered in structure
circular
desmocollin and desmoglein
adherens junctions
less ordered
calcium-dependent
hemidesmosome
connect the basal surface to basal lamina
uses integrin and IFs
osmosis
diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane down the concentration gradient
phagocytosis
nonselective large particle
Pinocytosis
small particles in fluid
Receptor mediated
selective; selectors bind specific ligand
Where are connective tissues derived from?
Mesenchymal cells
What is the extracellular matrix composed of?
fibroblasts
elastic fiber
mainly elastin protein
returns to its original shape after being stretched
found in skin and ligaments
collagen fiber
from fibrous protein
great tensile strength
hold connective tissue together
reticular fiber
form fibrous proteins
narrow and arrayed
provide support to soft organs
areolar
airy appearance
supports organs
reservoir of water and salts for surrounding tissue
Adipose
white -lipid storage
brown - neck and clavicular region
reticular
mesh-like supportive framework for soft organs
cutaneous membrane
covers the outermost surface of the body. It is the only dry membrane and its main role is to prevent water loss from the body. It’s the skin and it is made up of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer
