Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Classes > ab psych test > Flashcards

ab psych test Flashcards

1
Q

The four D’s

A

deviance
distress
dysfunction
danger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Deviance

A

Differing markedly
from a particular
society’s “norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Distress

A

Often troubling to
the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dysfunction

A

lack of control over ones experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Danger

A

To oneself or
others; careless,
hostile, confused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ancient/prehistoric views on abnormal behavior

A

Result of evil spirits—magical, sinister
beings
* Battle between external forces of good and evil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Trephination

A

use of stone instruments to
cut away a section of the skull to release evil spirits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The biological model

A

Emphasizes physiology
Illness brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism
Points especially to problems in brain anatomy or brain chemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do biological theorists explain
abnormal behavior?

A

Connections found among some psychological disorders and specific brain structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Glutamate

A

Most abundant CNS excitatory
neurotransmitter; active in
learning/memory; implicated in
schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Activates skeletal muscles; in
brain, involved in learning,
arousal, attention, memory,
motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dopamine

A

Movement control; reinforcing
effects of food, sex, and
abused drugs; schizophrenia
and Parkinson’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Serotonin

A

Mood, sleep/arousal, aggression,
depression, obsessive-compulsive
disorder, alcoholism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gamma-amino-butyric acid
(GABA)

A

Predominant inhibitory
neurotransmitter; respond to alcohol
and benzodiazepines
(tranquilizers); deficiency is one
cause of epilepsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Norepinephrine

A

A hormone released during stress.
Functions as a neurotransmitter in
the brain to increase arousal and
attentiveness to events in the
environment; involved in depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The ability of neural
networks in the brain to
Change through growth and reorganization
Compensate for injury
and disease
Adjust their activities in
response to new
situations or changes in
the environment
throughout the
lifespan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Three leading biological treatments today

A

Psychotropic medications-drugs
brain stimulation
psychosurgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Drug therapy

A

1950’s: advent of psychotropic medication
antianxiety drugs, antidepressant drugs, antibipolar drugs, antipsychotic drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

chemical activity

A

abnormal activity in the endocrine system is also related to mental disorders
ex- abnormal secretions of cortisol is linked to anxiety and mood disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

strengths of the biological model

A

considerable respect in the field
Constantly produces valuable new
information
treatments bring great relief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

weaknesses of the biological model

A

Limits understanding of abnormal
function by excluding nonbiological
factors
May produce significant undesirable
effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

psychodynamic model

A

Behavior is determined largely by
underlying, unconscious, dynamic
(interacting), psychological forces (Freud)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Id

A

pleasure principal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ego

A

ego defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

superego

A

morality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

strengths of the psychodynamic model

A

First to recognize the importance of
psychological theories and systematic
treatment for abnormality
Saw abnormal functioning nested in
the same processes as normal
functioning
May be helpful to persons with long-
term, complex disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

weakness of the psychodynamic model

A

Difficult to research
Non-observable concepts
Inaccessible to human subjects (unconscious)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The cognitive-behavioral model

A

Focuses on maladaptive
behaviors and/or cognitions in
understanding and treating psychological abnormality
Shares key principles
between behavioral and
cognitive perspectives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

behavioral dimensions

A

Using conditioning
Classical conditioning
modeling
operant conditioning
Therapists, as teachers, seek to help replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

cognitive dimensions

A

Focuses on maladaptive thinking processes
Inaccurate/disturbing assumptions and attitudes
Illogical thinking
Therapists help clients recognize, challenge, and change problematic thinking
Guide clients to new ways of thinking in daily life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Cognitive-behavioral interplay

A

Behavioral and cognitive components are interwoven in most contemporary theories and therapies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

strengths for cognitive behavioral model

A

Powerful force in clinical field; broad
appeal
Clinically useful
Uniquely human process focus
Theories lend themselves to research
Therapies are effective in treating
several disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

weakness for the cognitive behavioral model

A

The precise role of cognition in
abnormality has yet to be determined
Cognitive-behavioral therapies are not effective with everyone
Focusing primarily on clients’ current
experiences and functioning may limit needed attention to the influence of early life experiences and
relationships
Other key dimensions in life are not
addressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

humanistic-existential model

A

Emphasize self-actualization, fulfilling personal potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

the sociocultural model

A

Abnormal behavior includes social and cultural forces that influence an
individual
Includes two major perspectives
 Family-social perspective
 Multicultural (culturally diverse) perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Family-Social Perspective

A

Psychological problems emerge from and are best treated in family and
social settings
Perspective helped spur growth of several treatment approaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Multicultural Perspective

A

Behavior and treatment are best understood in the context of culture and external pressures
Increasing interest in understanding persons through the lens of intersectionality

38
Q

Members of ethnic and racial minority group…

A

Tend to show less improvement in clinical treatment
 Make less use of mental health services
 Stop therapy sooner than members of majority groups

39
Q

Therapist effectiveness enhanced by:

A

Greater sensitivity to cultural issues
 Inclusion of cultural morals and models
 Culture-sensitive therapies, gender-sensitive therapies

40
Q

strengths of the sociocultural model

A

Added to clinical understanding and
treatment of abnormality
 Increased awareness of clinical and
social roles
 Have been clinically successful when
other treatments have failed

41
Q

weaknesses of the sociocultural model

A

Research is difficult to interpret.
 Models are unable to predict
abnormality in specific individuals.

42
Q

The Developmental Psychopathology Perspective

A

Many theorists suggest abnormal behavioral theories should include
multiple causes at a time.
Uses an integrative framework to understand how variables and principles from the
various models may collectively account for adaptive and maladaptive human functioning

43
Q

Three main psychological assesments

A

clinical interviews
clinical observations
clinical tests

44
Q

Clinical Interview Limitations

A

-Validity, reliability,
standardization challenges
-Interviewer bias or
mistakes in judgment
-Some researchers believe
that interviewing should be
discarded as a tool of
clinical assessment.

45
Q

Accuracy of the assessment measure

A

most important characteristic of a test
validity

46
Q

Standardization

A

Standardizing a technique involves setting up common steps to be followed whenever it
is administered

47
Q

Symptom questionnaires

A

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
 Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)

48
Q

Personality tests

A

MMPI-3
 MCMI-IV (personality disorders)

49
Q

Projective tests

A

Rorschach inkblots
 TAT ambiguous pictures
 Sentence completion test

50
Q

Comorbidity

A

the presence of one or more conditions simultaneously

51
Q

Two clusters of comorbidity

A

internalizing disorders- focus is the inner world of the person
Externalizing disorders - focus on the external environment of the person

52
Q

Classification

A

: a way to name, organize, categorize varied symptoms

53
Q

What is the most common group of mental disorders?

A

Anxiety disorders

54
Q

What brain networks are involved in anxiety?

A

PFC, amygdala and hippocampus

55
Q

reduced GABA activity –>

A

less inhibition in structures
involved in threat response

56
Q

what could parenting be based on the psychodynamic

A

Inadequacies in early
parent/child relationships
* Extreme punishment, extreme
protectiveness?

57
Q

humanistic

A

Conditions of worth
* Overly self-critical;
* Distort/deny true thoughts /
feelings

58
Q

cognitive behavioral

A

Cognitive distortions, irrational
assumptions, especially re:
danger

59
Q

biological

A

genetic link established

60
Q

How do phobias differ from fear?

A

Phobias more intense and persistent
* With a greater desire to avoid the feared object or situation
* Create distress that interferes with functioning

61
Q

How are fears learned?

A

classical conditioning and modeling

62
Q

Treatments for social anxiety disorder address two distinct
features:

A

Overwhelming social fears and Lack of social skills

63
Q

What biological factors contribute to panic disorder?

A

Caused by a hyperactive panic circuit
Predisposition to develop such abnormalities is inherited

64
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral
Perspective (GAD)

A

Biological factors are only part of
the cause of panic attacks.

65
Q

Psychodynamic view: OCD

A

Battle between anxiety-provoking id impulses and anxiety-reducing ego defense mechanisms

66
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral view (OCD)

A

if bring temporary relief, neutralizing
behavior is reinforced (operant
conditioning) and will likely be repeated,
eventually becoming an obsession or
compulsion

67
Q

Biological View (OCD)

A

Genetic abnormalities have been found among individuals w/OCD
Neurotransmitters active in this network
include serotonin, glutamate, and
dopamine

68
Q

SSRI

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

69
Q

SNRI

A

selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

70
Q

Anxiety disorder prevalence

A

most common US group of mental disorders
19% of adults (12 month period)
21% all ages (lifetime)

71
Q

Pythagoras (6th century BCE)

A

Human behavior/experience is
related to internal processes and
natural causes not actions of the
gods

72
Q

Hippocrates

A

father of modern medicine
All disorders, mental and physical,
should be sought within the patient;
result from natural causes

73
Q

Descartes

A

Human behavior – can be voluntary
prompted mind and body debate

74
Q

Broca’s area

A

identified in left frontal lobe – speech
production

75
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

in left temporal lobe – spoken
language comprehension

76
Q

Hughlings Jackson

A
  1. spinal cord/brain stem (vegetative functions)
  2. including basal ganglia (movement)
  3. higher cortical functions including thought and
    changes in the environment.
77
Q

How long do you have to have symptoms of GAD to be diagnosed?

A

6 months

78
Q

Sensory (affector) nerves

A

information inward

79
Q

Motor (effector) nerves

A

muscular movement outward

80
Q

Quakers

A

humane
respectful facilities

81
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

crusaded” for
the mentally ill in US; led to
over 40 hospitals, intending to
provide moral treatment

82
Q

Somatogenic

A

physical causes; led to seeking
physical remedies

83
Q

Psychogenic

A

psychological causes
* Mesmer – hypnosis
* Breuer – the “talking cure”

84
Q

Terminal button

A

transmitting

85
Q

dendrite

A

receiving

86
Q

Equifinality

A

a number of different developmental routes can lead to the same
psychological disorder

87
Q

Multifinality

A

persons with similar developmental histories may nevertheless have
different clinical outcomes or react to comparable current situations in different
ways

88
Q

Affect

A

emotional expression observed during a mental exam

89
Q

stigmatization

A

not being able to sympathize with someone

90
Q

low gaba =

A

hyperactive fear circuit

Classes (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions