DPsych test 3 Flashcards
Teratogens
behavior, environment, or bodily conditions that could be harmful
during prenatal development
Potential problems depend on:
How long embryo is exposed to teratogen
Total amount of exposure across different types of teratogens
Time of exposure during prenatal development (sensitive periods)
Which period is the most sensitive?
embryonic period
Whats the most common worldwide teratogen?
malnutrition
Folic acid deficiency
serious issues with developing the nervous system
What is iron important?
important for building blood supply of mother and fetus
iron deficient
risk of pre-term and low birth weight
Low intake of iodine
increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and abnormalities in the brain
Rubella (german measles) - embryonic stage exposure
can lead to heart abnormalities and intellectual disabilities
Rubella (german measles) - fetal stage exposure
can lead to hearing problems, low birth weight, skeletal defects
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Includes facial deformities, heart problems, misshapen limbs, and a variety of cognitive problems
What risks does maternal smoking have?
miscarriages, premature birth, low birth weight
What are the infant effects of maternal smoking?
difficulty breathing, impaired heart function
effects of Accutane
damage to major organs during embryonic development
Labor: Average first birth
12 hrs
Labor: Average subsequent births
6 hrs
Uterus to cervix
Uterine muscles contract = really
intense cramps
Peak = 60-90 seconds
The fetus moves down the uterus to the vagina
How long is delivery?
(1/2) to 1 hour
delivery
Pushing phase + contractions
Through cervix, exit uterus
delivery of placenta
Few minutes to ½ hour
More contractions
Umbilical cord cut + tied
Neonate
newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old
Neonate skull
loosely joined pieces
Neonate fontanels
2 soft spots in between skull pieces
Lanugo
fine, fuzzy hair
Vernix
oily, cheesy substance
Anoxia
lack of oxygen, can result in death of
brain cells
Can result in permanent cognitive damage
APGAR scale
Total score predicts risk of neonatal and infant death
Appearance (skin color)
0 = pale or blue
1 = blue extremities
2 = fully pink
Pulse
0 = absent
1 = slow
2 = fast
grimace
0 = no response
1 = gramaces, weak cry
2 = cries and pulls away
Activity (tone)
0 = no movement
1 = arms, legs flexed
2 = active movement
respiration
0 = apneic
1 = slow, irregular breathing
2 = strong cry
7-10 score
good to excellent condition
4-6
requires assistance to breathe
0-4
Life-threatening danger
Low birth weight
<5.8 pounds
Preterm
born 37 weeks or earlier
small for date
<90% of the average weight for neonates born at the same gestational age
Why is preterm dangerous?
immature immune systems, CNS, lungs, and body temp regulation
Low birth weight treatment
Kangaroo care
infant massage
What is a babies REM sleep?
50%
reflexes
automatic responses to certain kinds of stimulation
sucking
when something is placed in their mouth, their reflex is to suck.
This disappears by 4 months
rooting
when something is placed on their face, their reflex is to turn towards it
This disappears by four months
stepping
hold baby under their arms with their feet dangling and the reflex is making stepping motions
disappears by 2 months
moro
dip downward suddenly, or loud sound that causes them to arch their back, bring their arms together, extend arms
disappears by 3 months
Babkin
when you press or stroke both palms and it causes them to open their mouths, close eyes, and tilt head forward
disappears at 3 months
Grasping
when an object is placed in their path, they hold it tightly
this disappears at 4 months
swimming
when the baby is immersed in water, it holds its breath and swims with legs and feet
This disappears at 4 months
babinski
when you stroke the side of the foot, the foot twists in and toes fan our
this disappears at 8 months
hearing
well developed before birth
they prefer their mother’s voice
sensitive to human speech
Vision
least developed sense at birth
visual acuity at about 8 to 14 inches
color vision limited
cannot focus their lenses
Childbirth is deadlier for?
black families, even if their rich
Rich families have ?
more premature babies but they are less likely to die
California and child birth
California has a lower maternal mortality rate than many parts of the US. They are the first state to offer paid family leave
how long does recovery from birth take?
6 weeks
What causes the typical “baby blues”?
hormone surges
how big is a newborns brain?
25% of an adults brain
by age 2, how big is the babies brain?
70% of an adults brain
brain development: first year of life
development of connections between neurons
myelination
growth of myelin sheath around axons
synaptic pruning
use it or lose it
use it = it gets stronger and faster
unused = lose it
plasticity
ability for the brain to change and adapt overtime
what is jean piaget believe?
development is a constructive process
Piaget says all infants start with a?
with a schema which is a basic understanding of how the world works
assimilation
assimilate information into existing schema
accommodation
revise schemea in response to new information
Example of assimilation and accommodation
The grasping scheme
the default grasp for an infant is the palmer grasp which also helps with their reflex. They know that can grasp their parent’s finger, a toy, or their pacifier. Then they are introduced to cheerios and quickly realize they cannot use their palmer grasp to pick it up so they have to assimilate and change their grasp. This is when they use their pincer grasp
Sensorimotor stage
first two years
learning through senses and movement
progress from reflex to intentional action
object permanence
awareness that objects still exist even when they are no longer in sight
8-12 months
they search for hidden objects
habituation
gradual decrease in attention after being exposed to same stimulus repeatedly
dishabituation
increased response when introduced to a new stimulus following habituation
How is memory assessed?
via recall of single actions and pairs of actions (temporal order)
Primary emotions
anger, sadness, fear, disgust, joy, surprise
secondary emotions
require social learning, embarrassment, shame, guilt
Happiness
2-3 months
surprise
6 months
fear
6 months
Anger
7 months
sadness
rare, has been observed when mom is depressed
disgust
present very early
smiling during first few weeks =
response to sensory stimulation
social smile
2-3 months, interacting with others
Mennella: research design
experimental
first laugh =
one month after smile
Mennella: developmental design
longitudinal
Mennella: independent variable
what the mothers drank
Mennella: dependent variable
infants preference
Mennella: key findings
CW and WC infants displayed less negative facial responses while eating carrot-flavored cereal than control group (WW)
Mennella: conclusion
Both prenatal and early postnatal flavor exposure influences infants’ responses to
flavors/foods – evidence for early learning
