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Classes > DPsych test 3 > Flashcards

DPsych test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Teratogens

A

behavior, environment, or bodily conditions that could be harmful
during prenatal development

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2
Q

Potential problems depend on:

A

How long embryo is exposed to teratogen
Total amount of exposure across different types of teratogens
Time of exposure during prenatal development (sensitive periods)

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3
Q

Which period is the most sensitive?

A

embryonic period

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4
Q

Whats the most common worldwide teratogen?

A

malnutrition

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5
Q

Folic acid deficiency

A

serious issues with developing the nervous system

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6
Q

What is iron important?

A

important for building blood supply of mother and fetus

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7
Q

iron deficient

A

risk of pre-term and low birth weight

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8
Q

Low intake of iodine

A

increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and abnormalities in the brain

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9
Q

Rubella (german measles) - embryonic stage exposure

A

can lead to heart abnormalities and intellectual disabilities

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10
Q

Rubella (german measles) - fetal stage exposure

A

can lead to hearing problems, low birth weight, skeletal defects

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11
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A

Includes facial deformities, heart problems, misshapen limbs, and a variety of cognitive problems

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12
Q

What risks does maternal smoking have?

A

miscarriages, premature birth, low birth weight

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13
Q

What are the infant effects of maternal smoking?

A

difficulty breathing, impaired heart function

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14
Q

effects of Accutane

A

damage to major organs during embryonic development

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15
Q

Labor: Average first birth

A

12 hrs

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16
Q

Labor: Average subsequent births

A

6 hrs

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17
Q

Uterus to cervix

A

Uterine muscles contract = really
intense cramps
Peak = 60-90 seconds
The fetus moves down the uterus to the vagina

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18
Q

How long is delivery?

A

(1/2) to 1 hour

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19
Q

delivery

A

Pushing phase + contractions
Through cervix, exit uterus

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20
Q

delivery of placenta

A

Few minutes to ½ hour
More contractions
Umbilical cord cut + tied

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21
Q

Neonate

A

newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old

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22
Q

Neonate skull

A

loosely joined pieces

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23
Q

Neonate fontanels

A

2 soft spots in between skull pieces

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24
Q

Lanugo

A

fine, fuzzy hair

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25
Q

Vernix

A

oily, cheesy substance

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26
Q

Anoxia

A

lack of oxygen, can result in death of
brain cells
Can result in permanent cognitive damage

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27
Q

APGAR scale

A

Total score predicts risk of neonatal and infant death

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28
Q

Appearance (skin color)

A

0 = pale or blue
1 = blue extremities
2 = fully pink

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29
Q

Pulse

A

0 = absent
1 = slow
2 = fast

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30
Q

grimace

A

0 = no response
1 = gramaces, weak cry
2 = cries and pulls away

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31
Q

Activity (tone)

A

0 = no movement
1 = arms, legs flexed
2 = active movement

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32
Q

respiration

A

0 = apneic
1 = slow, irregular breathing
2 = strong cry

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33
Q

7-10 score

A

good to excellent condition

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34
Q

4-6

A

requires assistance to breathe

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35
Q

0-4

A

Life-threatening danger

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36
Q

Low birth weight

A

<5.8 pounds

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37
Q

Preterm

A

born 37 weeks or earlier

38
Q

small for date

A

<90% of the average weight for neonates born at the same gestational age

39
Q

Why is preterm dangerous?

A

immature immune systems, CNS, lungs, and body temp regulation

40
Q

Low birth weight treatment

A

Kangaroo care
infant massage

41
Q

What is a babies REM sleep?

A

50%

42
Q

reflexes

A

automatic responses to certain kinds of stimulation

43
Q

sucking

A

when something is placed in their mouth, their reflex is to suck.
This disappears by 4 months

44
Q

rooting

A

when something is placed on their face, their reflex is to turn towards it
This disappears by four months

45
Q

stepping

A

hold baby under their arms with their feet dangling and the reflex is making stepping motions
disappears by 2 months

46
Q

moro

A

dip downward suddenly, or loud sound that causes them to arch their back, bring their arms together, extend arms
disappears by 3 months

47
Q

Babkin

A

when you press or stroke both palms and it causes them to open their mouths, close eyes, and tilt head forward
disappears at 3 months

48
Q

Grasping

A

when an object is placed in their path, they hold it tightly
this disappears at 4 months

49
Q

swimming

A

when the baby is immersed in water, it holds its breath and swims with legs and feet
This disappears at 4 months

50
Q

babinski

A

when you stroke the side of the foot, the foot twists in and toes fan our
this disappears at 8 months

51
Q

hearing

A

well developed before birth
they prefer their mother’s voice
sensitive to human speech

52
Q

Vision

A

least developed sense at birth
visual acuity at about 8 to 14 inches
color vision limited
cannot focus their lenses

53
Q

Childbirth is deadlier for?

A

black families, even if their rich

54
Q

Rich families have ?

A

more premature babies but they are less likely to die

55
Q

California and child birth

A

California has a lower maternal mortality rate than many parts of the US. They are the first state to offer paid family leave

56
Q

how long does recovery from birth take?

A

6 weeks

57
Q

What causes the typical “baby blues”?

A

hormone surges

58
Q

how big is a newborns brain?

A

25% of an adults brain

59
Q

by age 2, how big is the babies brain?

A

70% of an adults brain

60
Q

brain development: first year of life

A

development of connections between neurons

61
Q

myelination

A

growth of myelin sheath around axons

62
Q

synaptic pruning

A

use it or lose it
use it = it gets stronger and faster
unused = lose it

63
Q

plasticity

A

ability for the brain to change and adapt overtime

64
Q

what is jean piaget believe?

A

development is a constructive process

65
Q

Piaget says all infants start with a?

A

with a schema which is a basic understanding of how the world works

66
Q

assimilation

A

assimilate information into existing schema

67
Q

accommodation

A

revise schemea in response to new information

68
Q

Example of assimilation and accommodation

A

The grasping scheme
the default grasp for an infant is the palmer grasp which also helps with their reflex. They know that can grasp their parent’s finger, a toy, or their pacifier. Then they are introduced to cheerios and quickly realize they cannot use their palmer grasp to pick it up so they have to assimilate and change their grasp. This is when they use their pincer grasp

69
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

first two years
learning through senses and movement
progress from reflex to intentional action

70
Q

object permanence

A

awareness that objects still exist even when they are no longer in sight
8-12 months
they search for hidden objects

71
Q

habituation

A

gradual decrease in attention after being exposed to same stimulus repeatedly

72
Q

dishabituation

A

increased response when introduced to a new stimulus following habituation

73
Q

How is memory assessed?

A

via recall of single actions and pairs of actions (temporal order)

74
Q

Primary emotions

A

anger, sadness, fear, disgust, joy, surprise

75
Q

secondary emotions

A

require social learning, embarrassment, shame, guilt

76
Q

Happiness

A

2-3 months

77
Q

surprise

A

6 months

78
Q

fear

A

6 months

79
Q

Anger

A

7 months

80
Q

sadness

A

rare, has been observed when mom is depressed

81
Q

disgust

A

present very early

82
Q

smiling during first few weeks =

A

response to sensory stimulation

83
Q

social smile

A

2-3 months, interacting with others

84
Q

Mennella: research design

A

experimental

85
Q

first laugh =

A

one month after smile

86
Q

Mennella: developmental design

A

longitudinal

87
Q

Mennella: independent variable

A

what the mothers drank

88
Q

Mennella: dependent variable

A

infants preference

89
Q

Mennella: key findings

A

CW and WC infants displayed less negative facial responses while eating carrot-flavored cereal than control group (WW)

90
Q

Mennella: conclusion

A

Both prenatal and early postnatal flavor exposure influences infants’ responses to
flavors/foods – evidence for early learning

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