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hes quiz 100000000 Flashcards

1
Q

Alveolar duct ….

A

opens to clusters of
alveoli

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2
Q

What are alveoli densely covered with

A

capillaries

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3
Q

gas exchange

A

simple diffusion across respiratory membranes

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4
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells

A

simple squamous epithelial cells
surrounded by flimsy basement
membrane

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5
Q

Type 2 alveolar cells

A

cuboidal epithelial cells scattered among type 1

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6
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

fights bacteria, dust, debris,

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7
Q

Pulmonary artery for

A

oxygenation of blood

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8
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

return blood to heart

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9
Q

Bronchial arteries provide

A

oxygenated systemic blood to
lung tissue

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10
Q

Nervous innervation

A

Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Visceral sensory fibers

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11
Q

Serous membrane surrounding lungs

A

Visceral pleura and Parietal pleura

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12
Q

What does the pleura do?

A
  1. Produce fluid to lubricate
    surfaces and reduce friction
    between layers
  2. Maintains position of lungs
    against thoracic wall
  3. Create cavities to separate
    major organs
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13
Q

Pleurisy

A

inflammation of
pleura (pneumonia)

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14
Q

Pleural effusion

A

fluid accumulation in pleural cavity

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15
Q

Transpulmonary pressure

A

Keeps air spaces of lungs open
Higher transpulmonary press = larger lung

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16
Q

Inspiration 1

A

Inspiratory muscles contract

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17
Q

Inspiration 2

A

thoracic cavity volume increases

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18
Q

Inspiration 3

A

Lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases

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19
Q

Inspiration 4

A

Intrapulmonary pressure drops to 1 mmhg

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20
Q

Inspiration 5

A

Air flows into the lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0. equal to atmospheric pressure

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21
Q

Expiration 1

A

Inspiratory muscles relax

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22
Q

Expiration 2

A

thoracic cavity volume decreases

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23
Q

Expiration 3

A

elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases

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24
Q

Expiration 4

A

intrapulmonary pressure rises to 1 mmhg

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25
Q

Expiration 5

A

Air flows out of the lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0

26
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure

A

Pressure inside the lungs decreases as lung volume increases during inspiration; pressure increases during expiration

27
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

Pleural cavity pressure becomes more negative as the chest wall expands during inspiration. Returns to initial value as chest wall recoils

28
Q

Volume of breath

A

during each breath, the pressure gradients move 0.5 liters of air into and out of the lungs

29
Q

Airway resistance: flow =

A

Flow = change in pressure / resistance

30
Q

Alveolar Surface Tension

A

Liquid molecules attracted to each other vs. to gas molecules
Surfactant -> lowers surface tension and prevents alveolar
collapse

31
Q

Lung compliance

A

Higher the lung compliance -> easier to expand lungs at any given transpulmonary pressure

32
Q

Bronchus

A

conducting

33
Q

Trachea

A

conducting

34
Q

Alveolus/alveoli

A

respiratory

35
Q

Larynx

A

conducting

36
Q

Bronchioles

A

respiratory

37
Q

Pharynx

A

conducting

38
Q

conducting zones

A

not involved in gas exchange
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchial tree

39
Q

Pressure gradient

A

Gasses flow from high
–> low pressure

40
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

760 mmHg

41
Q

Intra-alveolar (intrapulmonary) pressure – pressure within alveoli…

A

changes with
inspiration/ expiration

42
Q

Intrapleural press

A

within pleural cavity
between visceral and parietal pleurae
Changes during breathing
* Always lower than intra-alveolar (~4 mm)
* Neg intrapleural press caused by forces
pulling visceral pleura from parietal pleura
* Volume change

43
Q

Transpulmonary press

A

Intra-alveolar minus intrapleural (760-756=4 mm Hg)
Keeps air spaces of lungs open
* Higher transpulmonary press = larger lung

44
Q

Inspiration

A

Boyle’s law:
* Vol dec -> Press inc
* Vol inc -> Pres dec
During deep, forced
inspirations (exercise)
accessory muscles further
increase thoracic vol

45
Q

Expiration

A

At rest, lung elasticity more
a factor than muscle
contraction
Forced expiration from
contracting abdominal wall
muscles -> inc intra-
abdominal press -> forces
abdominal organs against
diaphragm and depress rib
cage

46
Q

Physical Factors Influencing Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Airway resistance
Alveolar Surface Tension
Lung compliance

47
Q

Airway resistance

A

major source is friction in the respiratory
passages
Small differences in pressure produce large changes in flow

48
Q

Alveolar Surface Tension

A

force created by alveolar fluid
that resists lung distension

49
Q

Alveolar film contains surfactant ->

A

lowers surface tension and
prevents alveolar collapse

50
Q

Liquid molecules attracted to each other vs. to gas molecules

A

= surface tension

51
Q

Lung compliance

A

the distensibility of lung tissue and
the thoracic cage

52
Q

Higher the lung compliance ->

A

easier to expand lungs at any
given transpulmonary pressure

53
Q

Anatomical dead
space

A

air in
airway that never
reaches alveoli

54
Q

Alveolar dead
space

A

air within
poorly
functioning
alveoli

55
Q

Perfusion

A

flow of blood in pulmonary capillaries

56
Q

Fick’s Law of Diffusion: rate of gas exchange

A

Proportional to: Concentration gradient; Perfusion area; Diffusion constant
* Inversely related to membrane thickness

57
Q

O2 vs. CO2

A

Solubility -> Greater for CO2 vs. O2
* Concentration gradient -> Greater for O2 (104 mm Hg) vs. CO2 (40 mm Hg)

58
Q

CO2 diffuses

A

out of capillary into alveolus

59
Q

O2 diffuses

A

cross
respiratory membrane from alveolus to capillary

60
Q
A

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