Nervous system Flashcards
What is the diencephalon made up of?
Hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus
What is the limbic system made up of?
hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, olfactory complex, cingulate gyrus
What part of the limbic system focuses attention to event that are emotionally important?
cingulate gyrus
What part of the limbic system forms and stores long term memories?
hippocampus
What part of the limbic system is responsible for encoding memories based on state of emotion?
amygdala
What are the parts of the brain stem?
pons, medulla, midbrain
What part of the brain stem contains visual and auditory reflex?
midbrain
What part of the brain stem relays info from the motor cortex to the cerebellum?
pons
What part of the brain stem controls vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure?
medulla
What is the function of the cerebellum?
smooth controlled movements
What part of the subcortical brain has individual neurons that project to the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord?
Reticular formation
What part of the brain contains RAS neurons?
reticular formation
What is inhibited by sleep centers in the hypothalamus, depressed by alcohol, sleep inducing drugs, and tranquilizers?
RAS
What sends continuous steam of impulses to cerebral cortex, keeping cortex alert and conscious and enhancing excitability?
RAS
What does RAS stand for?
Reticular activating system
What type of nerves connect to the forebrain and brain stem?
cranial nerves
What type of nerves connect to the spinal cord?
spinal nerves
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
What is the function of the cranial nerves?
Coordinate activities associated with head and neck
What is the function of the spinal nerves?
Coordinate activities associated with all body parts below neck
How are the cranial nerves numbered and named?
Designated by serial # and names
How are the spinal nerves numbered and named?
according to location on the spinal cord
types of cranial nerves
most mixed nerves - motor and sensory
types of spinal nerves
all mixed nerves - motor and sensory
Function of the olfactory nerve
smell (sensory)
Function of the optic nerve
vision (sensory)
Function of the oculomotor nerve
eye movements (motor)
Function of the trochlear nerve
Eye movements (motor)
Function of the trigeminal nerve
sensory/motor to face
Function of the abducens nerve
eye movements (motor)
What parts of the body relate to the thoracic nerves?
chest muscles, abdominal muscles
What parts of the body relate to the lumber nerves?
leg muscles
What parts of the body relate to the sacral nerves?
bowel, bladder, sexual functions
What is the basal ganglia?
A set of subcortical structures that form motor pathways causing direct intentional muscle movement
What part of the basal ganglia is the main visceral control center?
Hypothalamus
What part of the basal ganglia is responsible for overall body homeostasis?
Hypothalamus
What does the epithalamus do?
Pineal gland secretes melatonin for sleep-inducing and antioxidant, Sleep-wake cycle
What part of the basal ganglia is a relay station for info coming into cerebral cortex from afferent impulses all over the body?
Thalamus
What is the thalamus play a key role in?
Mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, memory
What part of the brain is in charge of the conscious mind?
Cerebral cortex
What is the most prominent and most anterior part of the brain?
Cerebrum
What is the cerebrum composed of?
both gray and white matter
What does the cerebrum control?
Voluntary muscular movements
What is the outer layer of the cerebrum?
Cerebral cortex
What is the cerebral cortex composed of?
Gray matter
What does the cerebral cortex control?
Consciousness
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for sensory stimulus from the right side of the body?
Left
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for creativity?
Right
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for spatial ability?
Right
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for motor control of the left side of the body?
Right
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for analysis and calculations?
Left
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for recognition of faces, places, and objects?
Right
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for motor control of the right side of the body?
Left
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for time and sequencing?
Left
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for speech, language, and comprehension?
Left
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for sensory stimulus from left side of the body?
Right
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for recognition of words, letters, and numbers
Left
What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?
Conscious control of precise and skilled voluntary motions
What is the premotor cortex responsible for?
Planned movements, complex tasks, skilled motor activities
What is the Broca’s area responsible for?
Special motor speech
What is the frontal eye field responsible for?
voluntary movement of eyes
What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?
receives info from sensory receptors in skin and proprioceptors
What is the function of the somatosensory association cortex?
Integrate sensory inputs (temp, pressure) relayed via primary somatosensory cortex; understand object being felt- size, texture
What is the function of the primary visual cortex?
receive visual info from retina
What is the function of the visual association area?
Uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli
What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?
Receives impulses from inner ear
What is the function of the auditory association area?
Perception of sound stimulus as speech, scream, music based on memories of sound
What is the function of the vestibular cortex?
Conscious awareness of balance
What is the function of the olfactory cortex?
Conscious awareness of odors
What is the function of the gustatory cortex?
Perceiving taste
What is the function of the visceral sensory area?
Conscious perception of visceral sensations (upset stomach, full bladder)
What type of fibers connects cortical areas in the same hemisphere?
Association fibers
What type of fibers connect cortical areas between hemispheres?
Commissural fibers
Parts of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
What is the function of sympathetic nervous system?
Fight or flight
What is the function of parasympathetic nervous system?
Rest and digest
What is a preganglionic fiber?
Neurons from the brainstem nuclei, or lateral horn of sacral spinal cord, project to terminal ganglia near or within various organs
What is a postganglionic fiber?
Axons from ganglia project to target tissue
Name for a cluster of nerves
Nuclei
With the somatic nervous system, how many nerves are innervating the muscle?
1
Which part of the autonomic nervous system has long preganglionic fibers?
Parasympathetic
Which part of the autonomic nervous system has short preganglionic fibers?
Sympathetic
Which part of the autonomic nervous system has short postganglionic fibers?
Parasympathetic
Which part of the autonomic nervous system has long postganglionic fibers?
Sympathetic
Where do the fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system come from?
Brain stem or sacral
Where do the fibers of the sympathetic nervous system come from?
Thoracic and lumbar
Which neurotransmitter is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
Norepinephrine
Which neurotransmitter is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
What type of receptors are in the PSNS?
Cholinergic (divided into Muscarinic and Nicotinic): called this because they are stimulated by acetylcholine
What type of receptors are in the SNS?
Adrenergic (divided into Alpha and Beta): called this because they are stimulated by adrenaline
Another name for epinephrine
Adrenaline
Another name for Norepinephrine
Noradrenaline
Acetyl choline is the neurotransmitter at both the ganglion and dendrites of the __________
PSNS
What areas are a part of the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
What areas are a part of the peripheral nervous system?
Ganglion and nerves
What is the white matter white?
Because the axons are myelinated which appears white because of the fatty acids
What is a group of neurons outside the CNS called?
Ganglion
What is a group of nerves within the CNS called?
Nucleus
What is a group of nerve fibers outside the CNS called?
Nerve
What is a group of nerve fibers within the CNS called?
Tract
Steps of the nervous system feedback loop
Sensory input -> Integration -> Motor output
What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?
Conscious perception and voluntary or reflex motor responses
What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?
Involuntary control to regulate organ systems and maintain homeostasis
What is the enteric nervous system responsible for?
Controls smooth muscle and glandular tissue in the digestive tissue
What are the divisions of autonomic nervous system?
Parasympathetic and sympathetic
What are the nodes of Ranvier?
gaps in myelin sheath along the axon
What type of neuron has an axon and dendrite in 1 process?
Unipolar
What type of neuron has an axon and dendrite in 2 processes?
Bipolar
What type of neuron has an axon in 1 process and dendrites in multiple processes?
Multipolar
What is the most common type of neuron? (Unipolar/Bipolar/Multipolar)
Multipolar
What type of nervous system cells are supporting cells that help neurons?
Glial cells
What is the most common type of glial cell?
Astrocyte
What do astrocytes do?
They control the interstitial environment around neurons by removing signaling molecules, guiding neuron development, and maintain the blood brain barrier
What type of glial cell insulates axons in myelin and ties axons together?
Oligodendrocyte
What type of glial cell are responsible for immune surveillance and phagocytosis?
Microglia
What type of glial cell filters the blood to make CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid) and is a part of the blood brain barrier?
Ependymal cell
What types of glial cells are in the CNS?
astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglial cells, oligodendrocytes
What types of glial cells are in the PNS?
Schwann cells and satellite cells
What type of glial cell regulates nutrients and waste exchange in cell bodies of neurons?
Satellite cell
What type of glial cell binds nerves together and insulates them with myelin?
Schwann cell
Difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes = CNS
Schwann cells = PNS
What is spacial summation?
simultaneous signals coming from multiple presynaptic neurons being received by a single postsynaptic neuron
What is temporal summation?
a single presynaptic neuron rapid-firing signals to a postsynaptic neuron
What is the vagus nerve?
Part of the parasympathetic nervous system, comes from brainstem and innervates heart, lungs, liver, gall bladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, intestines
What do alpha I receptors do?
Contract smooth muscles
What do alpha II receptors do?
Presynaptic nerve terminals
What neurotransmitter is in the presynaptic terminal?
Acetylcholine
What do beta I receptors do?
heart and kidneys
What do beta II receptors do?
relax smooth muscles, liver, pancreas, eye
What do beta III receptors do?
adipose tissue
Where are beta receptors located on a neuron?
Postsynaptic terminal
divisions of somatic nervous system
sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)
What do sensory neurons do?
Receive input from environmental stimuli
What do motor neurons do?
They carry impulses from the CNS to effectors.
What is the role of proprioception?
Knowing the relative location of body parts, the rate of movement, degree of muscle stretch/contraction, tension in tendons, head orientation
