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Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diencephalon made up of?

A

Hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus

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2
Q

What is the limbic system made up of?

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, olfactory complex, cingulate gyrus

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3
Q

What part of the limbic system focuses attention to event that are emotionally important?

A

cingulate gyrus

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4
Q

What part of the limbic system forms and stores long term memories?

A

hippocampus

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5
Q

What part of the limbic system is responsible for encoding memories based on state of emotion?

A

amygdala

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6
Q

What are the parts of the brain stem?

A

pons, medulla, midbrain

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7
Q

What part of the brain stem contains visual and auditory reflex?

A

midbrain

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8
Q

What part of the brain stem relays info from the motor cortex to the cerebellum?

A

pons

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9
Q

What part of the brain stem controls vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure?

A

medulla

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10
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

smooth controlled movements

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11
Q

What part of the subcortical brain has individual neurons that project to the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord?

A

Reticular formation

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12
Q

What part of the brain contains RAS neurons?

A

reticular formation

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13
Q

What is inhibited by sleep centers in the hypothalamus, depressed by alcohol, sleep inducing drugs, and tranquilizers?

A

RAS

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14
Q

What sends continuous steam of impulses to cerebral cortex, keeping cortex alert and conscious and enhancing excitability?

A

RAS

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15
Q

What does RAS stand for?

A

Reticular activating system

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16
Q

What type of nerves connect to the forebrain and brain stem?

A

cranial nerves

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17
Q

What type of nerves connect to the spinal cord?

A

spinal nerves

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18
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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19
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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20
Q

What is the function of the cranial nerves?

A

Coordinate activities associated with head and neck

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21
Q

What is the function of the spinal nerves?

A

Coordinate activities associated with all body parts below neck

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22
Q

How are the cranial nerves numbered and named?

A

Designated by serial # and names

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23
Q

How are the spinal nerves numbered and named?

A

according to location on the spinal cord

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24
Q

types of cranial nerves

A

most mixed nerves - motor and sensory

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25
Q

types of spinal nerves

A

all mixed nerves - motor and sensory

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26
Q

Function of the olfactory nerve

A

smell (sensory)

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27
Q

Function of the optic nerve

A

vision (sensory)

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28
Q

Function of the oculomotor nerve

A

eye movements (motor)

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29
Q

Function of the trochlear nerve

A

Eye movements (motor)

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30
Q

Function of the trigeminal nerve

A

sensory/motor to face

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31
Q

Function of the abducens nerve

A

eye movements (motor)

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32
Q

What parts of the body relate to the thoracic nerves?

A

chest muscles, abdominal muscles

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33
Q

What parts of the body relate to the lumber nerves?

A

leg muscles

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34
Q

What parts of the body relate to the sacral nerves?

A

bowel, bladder, sexual functions

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35
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

A set of subcortical structures that form motor pathways causing direct intentional muscle movement

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36
Q

What part of the basal ganglia is the main visceral control center?

A

Hypothalamus

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37
Q

What part of the basal ganglia is responsible for overall body homeostasis?

A

Hypothalamus

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38
Q

What does the epithalamus do?

A

Pineal gland secretes melatonin for sleep-inducing and antioxidant, Sleep-wake cycle

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39
Q

What part of the basal ganglia is a relay station for info coming into cerebral cortex from afferent impulses all over the body?

A

Thalamus

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40
Q

What is the thalamus play a key role in?

A

Mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, memory

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41
Q

What part of the brain is in charge of the conscious mind?

A

Cerebral cortex

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42
Q

What is the most prominent and most anterior part of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

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43
Q

What is the cerebrum composed of?

A

both gray and white matter

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44
Q

What does the cerebrum control?

A

Voluntary muscular movements

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45
Q

What is the outer layer of the cerebrum?

A

Cerebral cortex

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46
Q

What is the cerebral cortex composed of?

A

Gray matter

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47
Q

What does the cerebral cortex control?

A

Consciousness

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48
Q

What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for sensory stimulus from the right side of the body?

A

Left

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49
Q

What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for creativity?

A

Right

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50
Q

What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for spatial ability?

A

Right

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51
Q

What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for motor control of the left side of the body?

A

Right

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52
Q

What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for analysis and calculations?

A

Left

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53
Q

What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for recognition of faces, places, and objects?

A

Right

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54
Q

What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for motor control of the right side of the body?

A

Left

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55
Q

What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for time and sequencing?

A

Left

56
Q

What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for speech, language, and comprehension?

A

Left

57
Q

What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for sensory stimulus from left side of the body?

A

Right

58
Q

What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for recognition of words, letters, and numbers

A

Left

59
Q

What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?

A

Conscious control of precise and skilled voluntary motions

60
Q

What is the premotor cortex responsible for?

A

Planned movements, complex tasks, skilled motor activities

61
Q

What is the Broca’s area responsible for?

A

Special motor speech

62
Q

What is the frontal eye field responsible for?

A

voluntary movement of eyes

63
Q

What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

receives info from sensory receptors in skin and proprioceptors

64
Q

What is the function of the somatosensory association cortex?

A

Integrate sensory inputs (temp, pressure) relayed via primary somatosensory cortex; understand object being felt- size, texture

65
Q

What is the function of the primary visual cortex?

A

receive visual info from retina

66
Q

What is the function of the visual association area?

A

Uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli

67
Q

What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

A

Receives impulses from inner ear

68
Q

What is the function of the auditory association area?

A

Perception of sound stimulus as speech, scream, music based on memories of sound

69
Q

What is the function of the vestibular cortex?

A

Conscious awareness of balance

70
Q

What is the function of the olfactory cortex?

A

Conscious awareness of odors

71
Q

What is the function of the gustatory cortex?

A

Perceiving taste

72
Q

What is the function of the visceral sensory area?

A

Conscious perception of visceral sensations (upset stomach, full bladder)

73
Q

What type of fibers connects cortical areas in the same hemisphere?

A

Association fibers

74
Q

What type of fibers connect cortical areas between hemispheres?

A

Commissural fibers

75
Q

Parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

76
Q

What is the function of sympathetic nervous system?

A

Fight or flight

77
Q

What is the function of parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Rest and digest

78
Q

What is a preganglionic fiber?

A

Neurons from the brainstem nuclei, or lateral horn of sacral spinal cord, project to terminal ganglia near or within various organs

79
Q

What is a postganglionic fiber?

A

Axons from ganglia project to target tissue

80
Q

Name for a cluster of nerves

A

Nuclei

81
Q

With the somatic nervous system, how many nerves are innervating the muscle?

A

1

82
Q

Which part of the autonomic nervous system has long preganglionic fibers?

A

Parasympathetic

83
Q

Which part of the autonomic nervous system has short preganglionic fibers?

A

Sympathetic

84
Q

Which part of the autonomic nervous system has short postganglionic fibers?

A

Parasympathetic

85
Q

Which part of the autonomic nervous system has long postganglionic fibers?

A

Sympathetic

86
Q

Where do the fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system come from?

A

Brain stem or sacral

87
Q

Where do the fibers of the sympathetic nervous system come from?

A

Thoracic and lumbar

88
Q

Which neurotransmitter is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine

89
Q

Which neurotransmitter is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

90
Q

What type of receptors are in the PSNS?

A

Cholinergic (divided into Muscarinic and Nicotinic): called this because they are stimulated by acetylcholine

91
Q

What type of receptors are in the SNS?

A

Adrenergic (divided into Alpha and Beta): called this because they are stimulated by adrenaline

92
Q

Another name for epinephrine

A

Adrenaline

93
Q

Another name for Norepinephrine

A

Noradrenaline

94
Q

Acetyl choline is the neurotransmitter at both the ganglion and dendrites of the __________

A

PSNS

95
Q

What areas are a part of the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

96
Q

What areas are a part of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Ganglion and nerves

97
Q

What is the white matter white?

A

Because the axons are myelinated which appears white because of the fatty acids

98
Q

What is a group of neurons outside the CNS called?

A

Ganglion

99
Q

What is a group of nerves within the CNS called?

A

Nucleus

100
Q

What is a group of nerve fibers outside the CNS called?

A

Nerve

101
Q

What is a group of nerve fibers within the CNS called?

A

Tract

102
Q

Steps of the nervous system feedback loop

A

Sensory input -> Integration -> Motor output

103
Q

What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?

A

Conscious perception and voluntary or reflex motor responses

104
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

A

Involuntary control to regulate organ systems and maintain homeostasis

105
Q

What is the enteric nervous system responsible for?

A

Controls smooth muscle and glandular tissue in the digestive tissue

106
Q

What are the divisions of autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

107
Q

What are the nodes of Ranvier?

A

gaps in myelin sheath along the axon

108
Q

What type of neuron has an axon and dendrite in 1 process?

A

Unipolar

109
Q

What type of neuron has an axon and dendrite in 2 processes?

A

Bipolar

110
Q

What type of neuron has an axon in 1 process and dendrites in multiple processes?

A

Multipolar

111
Q

What is the most common type of neuron? (Unipolar/Bipolar/Multipolar)

A

Multipolar

112
Q

What type of nervous system cells are supporting cells that help neurons?

A

Glial cells

113
Q

What is the most common type of glial cell?

A

Astrocyte

114
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

They control the interstitial environment around neurons by removing signaling molecules, guiding neuron development, and maintain the blood brain barrier

115
Q

What type of glial cell insulates axons in myelin and ties axons together?

A

Oligodendrocyte

116
Q

What type of glial cell are responsible for immune surveillance and phagocytosis?

A

Microglia

117
Q

What type of glial cell filters the blood to make CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid) and is a part of the blood brain barrier?

A

Ependymal cell

118
Q

What types of glial cells are in the CNS?

A

astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglial cells, oligodendrocytes

119
Q

What types of glial cells are in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

120
Q

What type of glial cell regulates nutrients and waste exchange in cell bodies of neurons?

A

Satellite cell

121
Q

What type of glial cell binds nerves together and insulates them with myelin?

A

Schwann cell

122
Q

Difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

A

Oligodendrocytes = CNS
Schwann cells = PNS

123
Q

What is spacial summation?

A

simultaneous signals coming from multiple presynaptic neurons being received by a single postsynaptic neuron

123
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

a single presynaptic neuron rapid-firing signals to a postsynaptic neuron

124
Q

What is the vagus nerve?

A

Part of the parasympathetic nervous system, comes from brainstem and innervates heart, lungs, liver, gall bladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, intestines

125
Q

What do alpha I receptors do?

A

Contract smooth muscles

126
Q

What do alpha II receptors do?

A

Presynaptic nerve terminals

127
Q

What neurotransmitter is in the presynaptic terminal?

A

Acetylcholine

128
Q

What do beta I receptors do?

A

heart and kidneys

129
Q

What do beta II receptors do?

A

relax smooth muscles, liver, pancreas, eye

130
Q

What do beta III receptors do?

A

adipose tissue

131
Q

Where are beta receptors located on a neuron?

A

Postsynaptic terminal

132
Q

divisions of somatic nervous system

A

sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)

133
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

Receive input from environmental stimuli

134
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

They carry impulses from the CNS to effectors.

135
Q

What is the role of proprioception?

A

Knowing the relative location of body parts, the rate of movement, degree of muscle stretch/contraction, tension in tendons, head orientation

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