Psych Test 1 Flashcards
Human Development
ways people grow across a life span
development
changes in an individual over the course of life
Developmental Psych
the branch of psychology devoted to identifying and explaining continuities and changes that individuals display over time
Normative development
typical patterns of development
What cultures do developed countries tend to have?
Individualistic culture, meaning they prioritize the success of each individual, independence, and self-expression
What culture do developing countries tend to have?
collectivistic cultures, meaning they prioritize the success of everyone as a whole, they value group harmony and obedience.
What was Sigmund Freuds developmental theory?
The psychosexual theory
What was Erik Erikson’s developmental theory?
The psychosocial theory
What was Brofenbrenners developmental theory?
The ecological theory
What did Sigmund Freud believe?
He believed that patients with mental illness had repressed trauma from their childhood that lied in their unconscious meaning they couldn’t access it.
What did Sigmund Freud invent?
He invented psychoanalysis which was a type of therapy used to help patients bring their unconscious thoughts into their conscious so they can deal with it
Freuds psychosexual theory
He theorized that sexual desire was the driving force behind development
What are the three psychic structures?
id, superego, ego
What is the id?
It is pleasure part. So children tend to do things to experience pleasure which is where the sexual desire stems from.
What is the superego?
It is the conscience part where a child knows right from wrong and can experience guilt.
What is the ego?
The ego is a mix of both
Freuds: What ages are the infancy period? What are the characteristics and psychosexual stage?
Birth to 1.5 years
Oral
They receive pleasure from sucking, chewing, biting
Freuds: What ages are the toddlerhood period? What are the characteristics and psychosexual stage?
1.5 to 3 years old
Anal
They receive pleasure from pooping and have a high interest in feces
Freuds: What ages are the middle childhood period? What are the characteristics and psychosexual stage?
6 years to puberty
Latency
Their sexual desires are repressed and they begin to focus on developing social and cognitive skills
Freuds: What ages are the childhood period? What are the characteristics and psychosexual stage? What is this also called?
3 to 6 years old
Phallic
They have a sexual desire for the opposite sex parent and they begin to despise the same sex parent
Oedipus Complex
Freuds: What age is the adolescence period? What are the characteristics and psychosexual stage?
Puberty onward
Genital
There is a re-emergence of sexual desires that begin to become directed outside the family
What was wrong with Freuds theory?
He never actually tested on children and development is very complex therefore it cannot be driven by one motive
What was Eriks psychosocial theory?
He believed that the driving force behind development is the need to integrate into the social and cultural environment
Erikson: What is the developmental challenge of the infancy period? What are characteristics?
Trust vs Mistrust
The main challenge is establishing a bond with your caregiver
Erikson: What is the developmental challenge of the toddlerhood period?
What are the characteristics ?
Autonomy vs Shame + Doubt
Their sense of self develops
The main challenge is developing a healthy sense of self as distinct from everyone else
Erikson: What is the developmental challenge of the early childhood period? What are the characteristics?
Initiative vs Guilt
They are capable of planning activities
Encouraged=initiative
Discouraged= guilt
The main challenge is to initiate activities in a purposeful way
Erikson: What is the developmental challenge of the mid to late childhood period? What are the characteristics?
Industry vs inferiority
Your social world is expanding, knowledge + skills required by culture
Encouraged=industry, enthusiasm, confidence
Unsuccessful=inferiority
The main challenge is to begin to learn the knowledge and skills of culture
Erikson: What is the challenge of the adolescence period? What are the characteristics?
Identity vs Identity Confusion
Who they are, their capabilities, their place within the culture
Achieve = identity
Unable to achieve = identity confusion
The challenge is to develop a secure and coherent identity
Erikson: What is the developmental challenge of the early adulthood period? What are the characteristics?
Intimacy vs isolation
enter a long-term, intimate relationship
established = intimacy
Unable or willing = isolation
The challenge is to establish a committed long-term love relationship
Erikson: What is the developmental challenge of the middle adulthood period? What are the characteristics?
Generativity vs Stagnation
focus on contributing to the well-being of next gen = generativity
Focus on own needs = stagnation
the challenge is to care for others and contribute to the well-being of the young
Erikson: What is the developmental challenge of the Late adulthood period? What are the characteristics?
Ego integrity vs despair
Look back and reflect on life
Accepts good and bad, life well spent = ego integrity
regret + resentment = despair
the main challenge is to evaluate a lifetime and accept it as it is
What was Brofenbrenner’s ecological theory?
the driving force behind the development is the overemphasis on the immediate environment and mother-child relationship. Multiple influences from the social environment can shape human development
Microsystem
immediate environment, daily life
relationship with siblings, parents, peers, teachers, coaches, religious leaders
Mesosystem
Network of connections between microsystems
exosystem
indirect environment
Societal institutions, laws and policies, mass media
macrosystem
cultural beliefs and values
governmental and economic systems based on those beliefs and
values
chronosystem
Time
historical context
individual development
Cultural developmental model
Our textbook
1 Cultural developmental model
Humans always develop within a culture
- Interactions with others
2 Cultural developmental model
Necessary to study development in diverse cultures
3 Cultural developmental model
cultures don’t always stay the same, they change rapidly and become more complex.
Especially within developing countries
Scientific method
- Ask a question
- form a hypothesis
- choose research method and design
- Collect data
- Draw conclusions
Ways to measure (questionnaires)
Pros and cons
give quantitive data
Pro - you can get a lot of data really quickly
cons - it could be not as thorough and some may lie
Ways to measure (interviews)
Pros and cons
qualitative data
Pros - good for certain research questions
Cons - time and effort
Ways to measure (observations)
Pros and cons
naturalistic - looking at behavior in the real world. Observing behavior
structured
pros - it is natural so you can get raw behavior
cons - being observed may lead to changed behavior
Ways to measure (biological measures)
Pros and cons
Brain activity =. EEG, MRI, fMRI
Heart rate, hormone levels, skin conductance
con - relation to behavior may not be clear
EEG
tells you exactly when brain activity happens
reliability and example
extent to which measurement tools generate consistent results
IQ test
fMRI
blue is less active, red and yellow are more active
Validity and examples
the extent to which measurement tools assess what they claim to measure
IQ tests = intellectual abilities
Beck depression inventory
Rosenberg self-esteem scale
ecological validity
amount of fit between measurement tools and real-life phenomenon
generalizability to real-life scenarios
If a measurement tool is not reliable….
its not a valid tool
If your tool is not valid…..
it can still have reliability
consistent results but not accurate
Why is an experiment the chosen method of design?
You can use an experiment to test a correlation to see if its actually a cause
independent variable
manipulated or changed by the researcher
dependent variable
measured by researcher
random assignment
you are randomly assigned to a control group to minimize any bias and preserve randomness to ensure the experiment is accurate
interventions
program intended to change the attitudes or behavior of the participants
The incredible years program
teaches parents how to promote emotion regulation skills, social skills, and positive behavior in children
Babys first years project
impact of poverty reduction on family life. Found that children from lower-income families had lower brain development
experimental group =received monthly payments of $333 for the first 4 years of the child’s life
control group = received $20 monthly payment
natural experiment
situations that exist naturally and can provide scientific information
Adoption and twin studies
correlation
relation/ association between two variables
cross sectional
gather data from people of different ages at a single time point
Longitudinal
the same people are followed over time; data is collected at multiple time points
The Dunedin multidisciplinary health and developmental study
A well-known longitudinal study
cohort efforts
a group of differences among people that exist because they grew up in different cohorts (historical groups)
Institutional review board
determine if the proposed research follows ethical guidelines
ethical guidelines
-protection from physical and psychological harm
-informed consent prior to participation
-confidentiality
-deception and debriefing
