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Psych Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Human Development

A

ways people grow across a life span

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2
Q

development

A

changes in an individual over the course of life

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3
Q

Developmental Psych

A

the branch of psychology devoted to identifying and explaining continuities and changes that individuals display over time

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4
Q

Normative development

A

typical patterns of development

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5
Q

What cultures do developed countries tend to have?

A

Individualistic culture, meaning they prioritize the success of each individual, independence, and self-expression

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6
Q

What culture do developing countries tend to have?

A

collectivistic cultures, meaning they prioritize the success of everyone as a whole, they value group harmony and obedience.

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7
Q

What was Sigmund Freuds developmental theory?

A

The psychosexual theory

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8
Q

What was Erik Erikson’s developmental theory?

A

The psychosocial theory

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9
Q

What was Brofenbrenners developmental theory?

A

The ecological theory

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10
Q

What did Sigmund Freud believe?

A

He believed that patients with mental illness had repressed trauma from their childhood that lied in their unconscious meaning they couldn’t access it.

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11
Q

What did Sigmund Freud invent?

A

He invented psychoanalysis which was a type of therapy used to help patients bring their unconscious thoughts into their conscious so they can deal with it

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12
Q

Freuds psychosexual theory

A

He theorized that sexual desire was the driving force behind development

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13
Q

What are the three psychic structures?

A

id, superego, ego

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14
Q

What is the id?

A

It is pleasure part. So children tend to do things to experience pleasure which is where the sexual desire stems from.

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15
Q

What is the superego?

A

It is the conscience part where a child knows right from wrong and can experience guilt.

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16
Q

What is the ego?

A

The ego is a mix of both

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17
Q

Freuds: What ages are the infancy period? What are the characteristics and psychosexual stage?

A

Birth to 1.5 years
Oral
They receive pleasure from sucking, chewing, biting

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18
Q

Freuds: What ages are the toddlerhood period? What are the characteristics and psychosexual stage?

A

1.5 to 3 years old
Anal
They receive pleasure from pooping and have a high interest in feces

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19
Q

Freuds: What ages are the middle childhood period? What are the characteristics and psychosexual stage?

A

6 years to puberty
Latency
Their sexual desires are repressed and they begin to focus on developing social and cognitive skills

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20
Q

Freuds: What ages are the childhood period? What are the characteristics and psychosexual stage? What is this also called?

A

3 to 6 years old
Phallic
They have a sexual desire for the opposite sex parent and they begin to despise the same sex parent
Oedipus Complex

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21
Q

Freuds: What age is the adolescence period? What are the characteristics and psychosexual stage?

A

Puberty onward
Genital
There is a re-emergence of sexual desires that begin to become directed outside the family

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22
Q

What was wrong with Freuds theory?

A

He never actually tested on children and development is very complex therefore it cannot be driven by one motive

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23
Q

What was Eriks psychosocial theory?

A

He believed that the driving force behind development is the need to integrate into the social and cultural environment

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24
Q

Erikson: What is the developmental challenge of the infancy period? What are characteristics?

A

Trust vs Mistrust
The main challenge is establishing a bond with your caregiver

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25
Q

Erikson: What is the developmental challenge of the toddlerhood period?
What are the characteristics ?

A

Autonomy vs Shame + Doubt
Their sense of self develops
The main challenge is developing a healthy sense of self as distinct from everyone else

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26
Q

Erikson: What is the developmental challenge of the early childhood period? What are the characteristics?

A

Initiative vs Guilt
They are capable of planning activities
Encouraged=initiative
Discouraged= guilt
The main challenge is to initiate activities in a purposeful way

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27
Q

Erikson: What is the developmental challenge of the mid to late childhood period? What are the characteristics?

A

Industry vs inferiority
Your social world is expanding, knowledge + skills required by culture
Encouraged=industry, enthusiasm, confidence
Unsuccessful=inferiority
The main challenge is to begin to learn the knowledge and skills of culture

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28
Q

Erikson: What is the challenge of the adolescence period? What are the characteristics?

A

Identity vs Identity Confusion
Who they are, their capabilities, their place within the culture
Achieve = identity
Unable to achieve = identity confusion
The challenge is to develop a secure and coherent identity

29
Q

Erikson: What is the developmental challenge of the early adulthood period? What are the characteristics?

A

Intimacy vs isolation
enter a long-term, intimate relationship
established = intimacy
Unable or willing = isolation
The challenge is to establish a committed long-term love relationship

30
Q

Erikson: What is the developmental challenge of the middle adulthood period? What are the characteristics?

A

Generativity vs Stagnation
focus on contributing to the well-being of next gen = generativity
Focus on own needs = stagnation
the challenge is to care for others and contribute to the well-being of the young

31
Q

Erikson: What is the developmental challenge of the Late adulthood period? What are the characteristics?

A

Ego integrity vs despair
Look back and reflect on life
Accepts good and bad, life well spent = ego integrity
regret + resentment = despair
the main challenge is to evaluate a lifetime and accept it as it is

32
Q

What was Brofenbrenner’s ecological theory?

A

the driving force behind the development is the overemphasis on the immediate environment and mother-child relationship. Multiple influences from the social environment can shape human development

33
Q

Microsystem

A

immediate environment, daily life
relationship with siblings, parents, peers, teachers, coaches, religious leaders

34
Q

Mesosystem

A

Network of connections between microsystems

35
Q

exosystem

A

indirect environment
Societal institutions, laws and policies, mass media

36
Q

macrosystem

A

cultural beliefs and values
governmental and economic systems based on those beliefs and
values

37
Q

chronosystem

A

Time
historical context
individual development

38
Q

Cultural developmental model

A

Our textbook

39
Q

1 Cultural developmental model

A

Humans always develop within a culture
- Interactions with others

40
Q

2 Cultural developmental model

A

Necessary to study development in diverse cultures

41
Q

3 Cultural developmental model

A

cultures don’t always stay the same, they change rapidly and become more complex.
Especially within developing countries

42
Q

Scientific method

A
  1. Ask a question
  2. form a hypothesis
  3. choose research method and design
  4. Collect data
  5. Draw conclusions
43
Q

Ways to measure (questionnaires)
Pros and cons

A

give quantitive data
Pro - you can get a lot of data really quickly
cons - it could be not as thorough and some may lie

44
Q

Ways to measure (interviews)
Pros and cons

A

qualitative data
Pros - good for certain research questions
Cons - time and effort

45
Q

Ways to measure (observations)
Pros and cons

A

naturalistic - looking at behavior in the real world. Observing behavior
structured
pros - it is natural so you can get raw behavior
cons - being observed may lead to changed behavior

46
Q

Ways to measure (biological measures)
Pros and cons

A

Brain activity =. EEG, MRI, fMRI
Heart rate, hormone levels, skin conductance
con - relation to behavior may not be clear

47
Q

EEG

A

tells you exactly when brain activity happens

48
Q

reliability and example

A

extent to which measurement tools generate consistent results
IQ test

49
Q

fMRI

A

blue is less active, red and yellow are more active

50
Q

Validity and examples

A

the extent to which measurement tools assess what they claim to measure
IQ tests = intellectual abilities
Beck depression inventory
Rosenberg self-esteem scale

51
Q

ecological validity

A

amount of fit between measurement tools and real-life phenomenon
generalizability to real-life scenarios

52
Q

If a measurement tool is not reliable….

A

its not a valid tool

53
Q

If your tool is not valid…..

A

it can still have reliability
consistent results but not accurate

54
Q

Why is an experiment the chosen method of design?

A

You can use an experiment to test a correlation to see if its actually a cause

55
Q

independent variable

A

manipulated or changed by the researcher

56
Q

dependent variable

A

measured by researcher

57
Q

random assignment

A

you are randomly assigned to a control group to minimize any bias and preserve randomness to ensure the experiment is accurate

58
Q

interventions

A

program intended to change the attitudes or behavior of the participants

59
Q

The incredible years program

A

teaches parents how to promote emotion regulation skills, social skills, and positive behavior in children

60
Q

Babys first years project

A

impact of poverty reduction on family life. Found that children from lower-income families had lower brain development
experimental group =received monthly payments of $333 for the first 4 years of the child’s life
control group = received $20 monthly payment

61
Q

natural experiment

A

situations that exist naturally and can provide scientific information
Adoption and twin studies

62
Q

correlation

A

relation/ association between two variables

63
Q

cross sectional

A

gather data from people of different ages at a single time point

64
Q

Longitudinal

A

the same people are followed over time; data is collected at multiple time points

65
Q

The Dunedin multidisciplinary health and developmental study

A

A well-known longitudinal study

66
Q

cohort efforts

A

a group of differences among people that exist because they grew up in different cohorts (historical groups)

67
Q

Institutional review board

A

determine if the proposed research follows ethical guidelines

68
Q

ethical guidelines

A

-protection from physical and psychological harm
-informed consent prior to participation
-confidentiality
-deception and debriefing

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