HES quiz 2 Flashcards
nerve cell types
Neurons
the parts of a neuron
nuclei, soma, dendrites, axon, axon terminal
glial cells
supporting cells
what is the white matter?
axons, interior, myelin
what is the grey matter?
dendrites
outer cortex
ganglion
a group of neurons outside the CNS
nucleus
a group of neurons within the CNS
Nerve
a group of nerve fibers (axon) outside the CNS
tract
a group of nerve fibers within the CNS
sensory input
gathers info
integration
processes, decides whether action needs to be taken
response
motor output needed to fix the problem, muscle movement, hormone release
somatic nervous system
conscious perception and voluntary or reflex motor responses
autonomic nervous system
involuntary control to regulate organ systems and maintain homeostasis
what makes up the autonomic nervous system and what are the functions?
Sympathetic - flight or fight
parasympathetic - rest and digest
Enteric nervous system
controls smooth muscle and glandular tissue in digestive tissue
CNS
brain and spinal cord
integrative and control centers
PNS
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
communication between CNS and the body
sensory (afferent) division
somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers
Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
Motor (efferent) division
motor nerve fibers
conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
What does the axon have and do?
wrapped in myelin made from glial cells
propagates impulse
Node of rainvier - gaps
Axon hillock - initial segment
Types of neurons
unipolar
bipolar
multipolar
unipolar
axon and dendrite in 1 process
sensory; mainly peripheral nervous system
bipolar
2 processes, axon and dendrite
sensory only
not common
multipolar
axon & 1> dendrite
most common
motor neurons
interneurons - impulses within the CNS to integrate sensory and motor input
Astrocyte
largest and most numerous
BBB
controls entry into CNS; active transport
What can enter the BBB?
glucose and amino acids
not drugs
oligodendrocyte
insulates axons in myelin
tie the axons together
microglia
originate as macrophages as part of the CNS
immune surveillance and phagocytosis
Ependymal cells
filters the blood to make CSF
cilia
tight connections
between adjacent cells
satellite cell
sensory and autonomic ganglia surround the cell bodies of neurons
supports nervous tissues
regulates nutrients and waste exchange
Schwann cell
insulates the axons with myelin
myelin
phospholipids of the glial membrane + proteins
Insulates axons - oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS)
facilitates electrical signals along the axon
diencephalon
deep within brain
processing center for sensory information and autonomic control
connects to limbic system
What structures are within the limbic structure?
Amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus
What does the lymbic system do?
integrate and respond to environmental stimuli
relayed through the hypothalamus
cingulate gyrus
focuses attention to emotionally important events
Brain stem parts
midbrain
pons
medulla
midbrain
contains visual and auditory reflex centers
contains subcortical motor centers
contains nuceli for cranial nerves
pons
relays info from motor cortex –> cerebellum
cooperates with medullary centers to control respiration
contains nuclei for cranial nerves
medulla oblongata
relays ascending sensory pathway impulses from skin and proprioceptors
contains nuclei controlling HR, blood vessels, respiration, vomiting, hiccups, swallowing
contains nuclei for cranial nerves
cerebellum functions
“little brain” - thin outer cortex of gray matter; internal white matter
helps provide smooth, coordinated body movement
subconscious
processes information from cerebral motor cortex
instructs cerebral motor cortex and subcortical, motto centers
responsible for balance and posture
reticular formation
group of nuclei in the brain stem
sensory axons where there are sensory, and auditory impulses
relays information to the cerebrum through the thalamus
cranial nerves
nerves connected to the brain
spinal nerves
connected to the spinal cord
pre ganglionic fiber
neurons from the brainstem
nuclei
cluster of nerves
What is the difference between the pre and postganglion in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
sympathetic - ganglia is close to the spinal cord
parasympathetic - ganglia is within or close to the target organ
cholinergic
acetylcholine
muscarinic
binds to muscarine; indirect
nicotinic
binds nictoine; direct
adrenergic
norepinephrine and epinephrine
vagus nerve
afferent
efferent
alpha 1
contracts smooth muscles
alpha 2
presynaptic nerve terminals
Beta 1
heart and kidneys
beta 2
relaxes smooth muscles, liver, pancreas, eye
beta 3
adipose tissue
afferent
sensory
efferent
motor
