PROTOZOANS: AMOEBAS, FLAGELLATES, CILIATES, SPOROZOANS Flashcards
Locomotion: pseudopods (false feet)
life cycle: Cyst Stage to Tropozoite stage
Amoebas
All have cystic stage except:
A. E. histolytica
B. E. nana
C. E. gingivalis
C. E. gingivalis
All inhabit the intestine except:
A. E. histolytica
B. E. nana
C. E. gingivalis
C. E. gingivalis
All are commensal EXCEPT:
A. E. histolytica
B. E. nana
C. E. gingivalis
A. E. histolytica
✓Motile
✓feeding stage
✓vegetative stage
✓found in diarrheal and liquid stools
✓EXCYSTATION Cyst to Troph OCCURS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE
✓ DESTROYED BY IODINE STAIN
A. Tropozoite
B. Cyst
A. Trophozoite
✓Non-motile
✓Non Feeding Stage
✓Infective stage
✓Found in formed stools
✓Encystation Troph to cyst occurs in the
LARGE INTESTINE
✓MOT: Ingestion of Contaminated water or food
A. Tropozoite
B. Cyst
B. Cyst
✓Bulls eye amoeba
✓clean looking cytoplasm
A. E. histolytica
B. E. nana
C. E. gingivalis
A. E. histolytica
Trophozoite:
✓Moves one direction
✓one pseudopod (finger-like) thrusted out in Explosive manner
✓Progressive Directional Movement
✓Centrally Located Karyosome
✓Evenly distributed peripheral chromatin
✓contains Ingested RBC but no bacteria/cell debris
A. E. coli
B. E. histolytica
C. E. dispar
D. E. hartmanni
B. E. histolytica
Trophozoite:
✓Moves in several direction
✓Sends out SEVERAL BLUNT Pseudopods at the same time
✓Pseudopods thrusted out SLOWLY
✓NON-Progressive, NON-Directional, SLUGGISH Movement
✓ECCENTRICALLY Located Karyosome
✓Unevenly distributed peripheral chromatin
✓ENDOPLASM contains Bacteria, Yeasts, and Cell Debris
A. E. coli
B. E. histolytica
C. E. dispar
D. E. hartmanni
A. E. coli
✓ Morphologically similar to E. histolytica
✓ nonpathogenic, NO INGESTED RBC
✓Differentiated by PCR
A. E. coli
B. E. histolytica
C. E. dispar
D. E. hartmanni
C. E. dispar
Cyst:
✓ mature cyst contain up to four nuclei (quadrinucleated cyst)
✓Coffin-shaped/red-shaped/susage-shape Chromatoidal bar
✓cyst may survive for up to 1 month (environment)
A. E. coli
B. E. histolytica
C. E. dispar
D. E. hartmanni
B. E. histolytica
Cyst:
✓ mature cyst contain up to Eight(8) nuclei (octonucleated cyst)
✓ Chromatoidal bars can be seen aw Splinter-like needles (thin with Pointed to Splintered ends)
A. E. coli
B. E. histolytica
C. E. dispar
D. E. hartmanni
A. E. coli
Appearance is relatively similar to that of
E. histolytica apart from its SMALLER SIZE
“Small Race of E. histolytica”
A. E. coli
B. E. histolytica
C. E. dispar
D. E. hartmanni
D. E. hartmanni
✓ FIRST DETECTED IN SEWAGE
✓ Morphologically Indistinguishable from E.histolytica
✓ NO INGESTED RBCs
✓ Non-pathogenic
✓ OSMOTOLERANT, able to grow at room temp (25-30° c) and survive at temperatures ranging from 0 to 41° c
A. E. moshkovskii
B. E. polecki
C. E. nana
D. I. butschlii
E. E. gingivalslis
A. E. moshkovskii
✓ Found in Pigs and monkeys RARELY infect man
✓ Cyst is UNINUCLEATED, CHROMATOIDAL BARS with Angular or pointed ends
A. E. moshkovskii
B. E. polecki
C. E. nana
D. I. butschlii
E. E. gingivalslis
B. E. polecki
✓ BLOT-LIKE KARYOSOME
✓”Cross-eyed Cyst”
✓”Smallest Amoeba” (same size with RBC)
✓ Absence of PERIPHERAL CHROMATIN in both Cyst and Trophozoite, NO CHROMATOIDAL bar in Cystic Stage
A. E. moshkovskii
B. E. polecki
C. E. nana
D. I. butschlii
E. E. gingivalslis
C. E. nana
✓ KARYOSOME is Large, Irregular, and Rounded with a cluster of Achromatic Granules
✓Nucleus is often Described as resembling a BASKET OF FLOWERS in shape
✓ Cyst contains only ONE NUCLEUS, Contains Large-Iodine Staining glycogen vacuole
✓ABSENCE OF PERIPHERAL CHROMATIN IN BOTH CYST and TROPHOZOITE, NO CHROMATOIDAL BAR IN CYSTIC STAGE
A. E. moshkovskii
B. E. polecki
C. E. nana
D. I. butschlii
E. E. gingivalslis
D. I. butschlii
✓ NO CYSTIC STAGE
✓ENDOPLASM Contains Ingested Leukocytes (WBCs), cell debris, and Bacteria
✓ ONLY AMOEBA THA INGESTS WBC
✓ The First Amoeba recovered from a Human specimen
A. E. moshkovskii
B. E. polecki
C. E. nana
D. I. butschlii
E. E. gingivalslis
E. E. gingivalslis
CAUSATIVE agent of PAM (Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis)
A. Acanthamoeba spp.
B. N. fowleri
B. N. fowleri
CAUSATIVE agent of GAE (Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis)
A. Acanthamoeba spp.
B. N. fowleri
A. Acanthamoeba spp.
Note:
Also Balamuthia mandrillaris causes GAE
✓ BRAIN EATING AMOEBA
✓ INFECTS CSF
✓ Has three morphologic form, Cyst, Amoeboid Trophozoite (DS) and Flagellated form
✓ Causes purulent spinal fluid with Motile amoeba
✓ found in warm bodies of water; including Lakes, streams, ponds, and swimming pools EXCEPT seawater
A. Acanthamoeba spp.
B. N. fowleri
B. N. fowleri
✓ LAB DIAGNOSIS: CSF examination
✓MOT: Inhalation, Sniffing, Swimming in Contaminated water
A. Acanthamoeba spp.
B. N. fowleri
B. N. fowleri
Two morphologic forms: TROPHOZOITE (DS) AND CYST
CYST:
Double-walled wrinkeled cyst form with Spiny Hyaline projections
TROPHOZOITE:
With spinelike Pseudopods known as ACANTHOPODIA
A. Acanthamoeba spp.
B. N. fowleri
A. Acanthamoeba spp.
LAB DIAGNOSIS: CSF Examination, Corneal Scrapings
STAIN: CALCOFLUOR WHITE
MOT: Inhalation (enter the lower respiratory tract), Eyes (contact lens solution, trauma to cornea), Ulcerations in mucosa, broken skin
A. Acanthamoeba spp.
B. N. fowleri
A. Acanthamoeba spp.
✓Causes Acanthamoeba Keratitis /Amebic Keratitis
✓Causes chronic Central Nervous System Infection (GAE) in debiletated or Immunocompromised patients
Acanthamoeba spp.
Has been identified as the species respnsible for MOST CNS AND EYE INFECTIONS in HUMANS
Acanthamoeba castellanii
ONLY PATHOGENIC INTESTINAL FLAGELLATE:
Giardia lamblia/ Giardia intestinalis/Giardia duodenale (Cercomonas Intestinalis)
Cyst:
✓Football shaped Cyst
✓2 to 4 nuclei; 2 to 4 median bodies
✓Excyst in the Duodenum
Giardia lamblia/ Giardia intestinalis/Giardia duodenale (Cercomonas Intestinalis)
Trophozoite:
✓ pear-shaped / teardrop Shaped
✓ Only Bilaterally Symmetrical protozoan
✓ “OLD MAN’S FACE/ OLD MAN WITH EYEGLASSES APPEARANCE/OLD MAN WITH WHISKERS, MONKEY’S FACE”
✓ FALLING LEAF MOTILITY
✓ with SUCKING DISK in VENTRAL surface
✓ two nuclei with Large KARYOSOME
✓ Axostyle: Rodlike supporting structure
✓ 4 pairs of Flagella
✓ Parabasal body/Median body
Giardia lamblia/ Giardia intestinalis/Giardia duodenale (Cercomonas Intestinalis)
TROPHOZOITE : without an EXTERNAL Flagella;
2 Nuclei, binucleated trophozoite
Consist of 4-8 Chromatin granules
Peripheral chromatin is ABSENT
D. fragilis
Reside in the mucosal crypts of Large intestine
May be transmitted via the eggs of Helminth parasites such as E. vermicularis and A. lumbricoides
Were commonly identified in patients who were also infected with E. vermicularis
D. fragilis
when D. fragilis mounted on water it:
Swells and returns to its Normal Size
when mounted in water preparations, D.fragilis granules exhibits:
Brownian movement known as the Hakansson phenomenon
D. fragilis treatment:
Iodoquinol
CYST:
characteristics: Protrusion at one end, possess a clear anterior hyaline knob, LEMON SHAPED/ AMERICAN LEMON SHAPE/ NIPPLE SHAPE
Chilomastix mesnili
TROPHOZOITE:
Pear-shaped
4 Flagella: 3 Anterior flagella and 1flagella within the cytostome
Structure bordering the cytostome resembles a SHEPHERD’s CROOK
Characteristic SPIRAL GROOVE curving across the body
C. mesnili
Exist ONLY AS TROPHOZOITES (IS)
Pear-shaped
Undulating Membrane: fin-like structure connected to the outer edge of some flagellates (2Ts: Trichomonas and Trypanosoma)
Trichomonas spp.
HABITAT: Intestine
SIZE: medium
NUCLEUS: Ovoidal
UNDULATING MEMBRANE: As long as the Costa
INCLUSION BODIES: none
SPX FOR DIAGNOSIS: Stool
Trichomonas hominis
HABITAT: Oral cavity
SIZE: Smallest
NUCLEUS: Rounded
UNDULATING MEMBRANE: 2/3 of the costa
INCLUSION BODIES: none
SPX FOR DIAGNOSIS: Oral Scrapings
Trichomonas tenax
HABITAT: Genitalia
SIZE: Largest
NUCLEUS: Ovoidal
UNDULATING MEMBRANE: Less than 1/2 of the costa
INCLUSION BODIES: Siderophil granules
SPX FOR DIAGNOSIS: Urine, Vaginal swab discharge (female), Prostatic secretion (male)
Trichomonas vaginalis
CONTAMINATED MILK is suspected of being one of the sources of:
T. hominis
TARTAR BETWEEN THE TEETH AND GINGIVAL MARGIN of the GUMS are the primary areas of the mouth harboring:
T. tenax
MOT: Kissing, use of Contaminated dishes and utensils
T. tenax
✓ Associated with persistent urethritis, vaginitis, and infant infection
✓ rapid jerky motility, Rapid Darting Motility
T. vaginalis
Foul smelling, GREENISH YELLOW vaginal discharge, RED-PUNCTATE LESIONS may be present upon examining the vaginal mucosa “STRAWBERRY CERVIX”
Vaginitis
Respiratory infection and conjunctivitis
Infant infection
MOT: SEXUAL INTERCOURSE, VERTICAL TRANSMISSION FROM MOTHER TO INFANT, CONTAMINATED TOILET SEATS
Treatment: Metronidazole (Flagyl)
T.vaginalis
Considered as the most common non-viral STI in the world
Trichomonas
Trichomoniasis is also called as:
PING-PONG DISEASE
Appearance: round to oval
Nucleus: one, usually off center
Features: KINETOPLAST PRESENT: Blepharoplast + Parabasal body (enegrizing portion)
NO FLAGELLA
A. AMASTIGOTE
B. PROMASTIGOTE
C. EPIMASTIGOTE
D. TRYPOMASTIGOTE
A. AMASTIGOTE
Appearance: long and slender
Nucleus: one, located in or near center
Features: KINETOPLAST, located in Anterior end
Single-free flagellum: Extending from anterior end
A. AMASTIGOTE
B. PROMASTIGOTE
C. EPIMASTIGOTE
D. TRYPOMASTIGOTE
B. PROMASTIGOTE
Appearance: long and slightly woder
Nucleus: one, located in Posterior End
Features: KINETOPLAST located Anterior to the Nucleus
Undulating Membrane: extending half of body length
Free Flagellum: extending from anterior End
A. AMASTIGOTE
B. PROMASTIGOTE
C. EPIMASTIGOTE
D. TRYPOMASTIGOTE
C. EPIMASTIGOTE
Appearance: C,S, U shaped
Nucleus: one, located anterior to the kinetoplast
Features: KINETOPLAST located in the Posterior End
Undulating Membrane: extending entire body length
Free Flagellum: extending from anterir End
A. AMASTIGOTE
B. PROMASTIGOTE
C. EPIMASTIGOTE
D. TRYPOMASTIGOTE
D. TRYPOMASTIGOTE
The 2 forms routinely found in Human specimens:
A. AMASTIGOTE and PROMASTIGOTE
B. AMASTIGOTE and EPIMASTIGOTE
C. AMASTIGOTE andd TRYPOMASTIGOTE
C. AMASTIGOTE and TRYPOMASTIGOTE
Found primarily in tissue and muscle as well as the CNS within macrophages where they Multiply
AMASTIGOTE
Migrate, Reproduce, and are visible in the Peripheral blood
TRYPOMASTIGOTE
Stages may be seen only if a blood sample is collected immediately after Leishmania transmission
PROMASTIGOTE
Are found Primarily in the arthropod vector
EPIMASTIGOTE
Vector: SANDFLY
DS: AMASTIGOTE
IS: PROMASTIGOTE
Leishmania spp.
Culture for Leishmania and Trypanosoma
Novy-Nicole-McNeal medium (NNN)
Screening test similar to that of TUBERCULIN skin test
Used for screening large population at risk of infections caused by Leishmania spp.
Montenegro skin test
DRY LESIONS
OLD WORLD CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS, locally known as Oriental Sore, Aleppo button, Baghdad or Jericho boil
PATHOLOGY: Localized cutaneous infection
Leishmania tropica
WEEPING LESIONS
MUCOCUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS “NEW WORLD”, Espundia, bubas, chiclero ulcer, forest yaws, pian bois, uta
Leishmania braziliensis
VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS
DUM-DUM fever or “Black fever”, Kala-azar - severe form of visceral leishmaniasis
Hepatosplenomegaly
Advance stages: Kidney damage
Leishmania donovani
West African Sleeping Sickness, Gambian trypanosomiasis
manifest months or years after initial infection
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
East African Sleeping Sickness, Rhodesian trypanosomiasis
Symptoms appear just weeks after infection
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
American trypanosomiasis or Chagas Disease
Described by Carlos Chagas
Trypanosoma cruzi
causative agent of the trypanosomal disease known as NAGANA and SLEEPING SICKNESS
Trypanosoma brucei
Vector: Tsetse flies of the genus Glossina
T.b gambiense and T.b rhodesiense
Acute phase of T.b gambiense and T.b rhodesiense
A. Peripheral blood and lymph nodes are invaded
B. CNS is invaded
A. Peripheral blood and lymph nodes are Invaded
Chronic phase of T.b gambiense and T.b rhodesiense
A. Peripheral blood and lymph nodes are invaded
B. CNS is invaded
B. CNS is invaded
Note:
CNS is invaded resulting in meningoencephalitis comatose state develops commonly known as sleeping sickness
Painful ulcers surrounded by a white halo at the bite site
A. Chancre
B. Winterbottom’s sign
C. Erythematous
D. Kerandel’s sign
E. Somnolence
A. Chancre
Inflammatory swelling of the cervical lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy)
A. Chancre
B. Winterbottom’s sign
C. Erythematous
D. Kerandel’s sign
E. Somnolence
B. Winterbottom’s sign
(Red) rash and localized edema
A. Chancre
B. Winterbottom’s sign
C. Erythematous
D. Kerandel’s sign
E. Somnolence
C. Erythematous
Delayed sensation to pain
A. Chancre
B. Winterbottom’s sign
C. Erythematous
D. Kerandel’s sign
E. Somnolence
D. Kerandel’s sign
Excessive sleepiness
A. Chancre
B. Winterbottom’s sign
C. Erythematous
D. Kerandel’s sign
E. Somnolence
E. Somnolence
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS:
Febrile stage: Blood And Lymphatics
Sleeping sickness stage (CNS): CSF
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: TRYPOMASTIGOTE
INCREASED SERUM and or CSF IgM LEVELS
T.b rhodesiense & T.b gambiense
VECTOR: most common vectors are Triatomid bugs, Kissing bugs, or reduviid bugs (Panstrongylus megistus), Assassin bugs, Conenose bugs
T.cruzi
Erythematous nodule at the site of infection
A. Chagoma
B. Romaña’s sign
A. Chagoma
Unilateral edema of the eyelids
A. Chagoma
B. Romaña’s sign
B. Romaña’s sign
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: TRYPOMASTIGOTE AND AMASTIGOTE
INCREASED SERUM and or CSF IgM levels
Trypanosoma cruzi
Causes Balantidiasis
Largest parasitic protozoan
Natural Host: pigs or swine
MOT: ingestion of infective cysts from swine feces
Balantidium coli
TROPHOZOITE:
Kidney-Shaped Macronucleus ; dot-like
micronucleus
Macronucleus: Vegetative function
Micronucleus: sexual production
Cytostome: Mouth
Cytopyge: Anus
Motility: throne ball or rolling motion
B. coli
Cyst:
Two kinds of nuclei: kidney-shaped macronucleus, dot-like micronucleus
Refractive double wall enclosing cilia
B. coli
Treatment of choice for Balantidium coli:
Metronidazole (flagyl)
Most common Plasmodium in the Philippines
A. P.Vivax
B. P.ovale
C. P. falciparum
D. P. malariae
C. falciparum
Most common Plasmodium in the World
A. P.vivax
B. P.ovale
C. P. falciparum
D. P. malariae
A. P. vivax
Man: Intermediate host
IS to Man : Sporozoite
A. Sexual cycle (Sporogony)
B. Asexual Cycle( Schizogony)
Asexual Cycle( Schizogony)
Female Anopheles Mosquito: Final Host
IS to Anopheles Mosquito: Gametocytes
A. Sexual cycle (Sporogony)
B. Asexual Cycle( Schizogony)
A. Sexual cycle (Sporogony)
Cause of malaria “bad air”
Leading parasitic disease that causes mortality worldwide
Plasmodium
Every 36 hours; Malignant Tertian Malaria
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Plasmodium ovale; Plasmodium vivax
C. Plasmodium malariae
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
A. Plasmodium falciparum
Every 24 hours; Quotidian Malaria
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Plasmodium ovale; Plasmodium vivax
C. Plasmodium malariae
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
Every 48 hours; Benign Tertian Malaria
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Plasmodium ovale; Plasmodium vivax
C. Plasmodium malariae
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
B. Plasmodium ovale; Plasmodium vivax
Every 72 hours; Quartan Malaria
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Plasmodium ovale; Plasmodium vivax
C. Plasmodium malariae
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
C. Plasmodium malariae
Most fatal infection
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Plasmodium ovale; Plasmodium vivax
C. Plasmodium malariae
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
A. Plasmodium falciparum
Red cells, organisms, and pigment block brain vessels
A. Cerebral malaria
B. Blackwater fever
A. Cerebral malaria
Sudden massive intravascular hemolysis resulting to hemoglobinuria
A. Cerebral malaria
B. Blackwater fever
B. Blackwater fever
Marker for African black race
Resistant to P. vivax
A. Fy (a+b-)
B. Fy (a-b-)
C. M+N-
D. M-N-
B. Fy (a-b-)
Resistant to P. falciparum merozoites
A. Fy (a+b-)
B. Fy (a-b-)
C. M+N-
D. M-N-
D. M-N-
Hexosemonophosphate Shunt
G6PD deficiency
Single large ring (1/3 of the cell diameter) (signet ring)
Amoeboid trophozoites
Schuffner’s dots
Invades YOUNG RBC’s Reticulocytes
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Plasmodium ovale
C. Plasmodium malariae
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
E. Plasmodium vivax
E. Plasmodium vivax
Schizonts: 12-24 merozoites; Average 16
Round to ovoid gametocytes
ALL STAGES are PRESENT
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Plasmodium ovale
C. Plasmodium malariae
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
E. Plasmodium vivax
E. Plasmodium vivax
Imoprtant for invasion of P.vivax
Fy6
Singel large ring
Larger and thicker than P. vivax
Amoeboid trophozoite
Schuffner’s Dots and James Dots
Invades YOUNG RBCs or Reticulocytes
Infected RBC’s: ENLARGED; SERRATED FIMBRIATED
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Plasmodium ovale
C. Plasmodium malariae
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
E. Plasmodium vivax
B. Plasmodium ovale
SCHIZONT: 8 Merozoites (6-14)
Round to Ovoid gametocyte
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Plasmodium ovale
C. Plasmodium malariae
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
E. Plasmodium vivax
B. Plasmodium ovale
Single Large compact Ring (1/6 of the infected RBC)
SMALLER than P. vivax
Band Trophozoite
Ziemann’s Dots
Invades OLD red cells/mature RBC
Infected RBC: Normal Size
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Plasmodium ovale
C. Plasmodium malariae
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
E. Plasmodium vivax
C. Plasmodium malariae
Schizont: 6-12 merozoites
Merozoites are arranged around a central pigment (Fruit pie/Rosette/Daisy head Merozoites
Round / Ovoid gametocytes
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Plasmodium ovale
C. Plasmodium malariae
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
E. Plasmodium vivax
C. Plasmodium malariae
Small ring forms (1/6 diameter red cell), applique forms/ accole/ marginal, double nuclear dots
Multiple parasitization of red cells: multiple ring infection
Maurer’s Dots
Invades ALL AGES OF RED CELLS
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Plasmodium ovale
C. Plasmodium malariae
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
E. Plasmodium vivax
A. Plasmodium falciparum
Schizont: 8-36 merozoites; Ave 24
Crescent-shaped gametocytes
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Plasmodium ovale
C. Plasmodium malariae
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
E. Plasmodium vivax
A. Plasmodium falciparum
Occur in the warmer months of late summer and early autumn or called as AESTIVOAUTUMNAL MALARIA
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Plasmodium ovale
C. Plasmodium malariae
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
E. Plasmodium vivax
A. Plasmodium falciparum
Fifth human Malaria/ Parasite of Long-tailed Macaques, but humans working in nearby forest are at greatest risk of infection
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Plasmodium ovale
C. Plasmodium malariae
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
E. Plasmodium vivax
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
Described in humans in the Philippines and Southeast Asia
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Plasmodium ovale
C. Plasmodium malariae
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
E. Plasmodium vivax
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
Indistinguishable from P.malariae
Differentiation through PCR Assay and Molecular characterization
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Plasmodium ovale
C. Plasmodium malariae
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
E. Plasmodium vivax
D. Plasmodium knowlesi
Older developing stage of P. knowlesi resembles those of:
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Plasmodium ovale
C. Plasmodium vivax
D. Plasmodium malariae
D. Plasmodium malariae
Early ring stages of P. knowlesi resembles those of:
A. Plasmodium falciparum
B. Plasmodium ovale
C. Plasmodium vivax
D. Plasmodium malariae
A. Plasmodium falciparum
Nantucket fever
Babesia microti/ Babesia divergens
Definitive Host (DH) /Final Host (FH) (SEXUAL PHASE OR SPOROGONY) of Babesia microti / Babesia divergens
Vector (tick)
Intermediate Host (Asexual phase/schizogony) of B. microti / B. divergens
Deer, cattle, dogs, mice, Humans
IS TO MAN: sporozoites
MOT: Bite of Tick/ (Ixodes); Blood transfussion
Babesia microti/ Babesia divergens
Note:
Ixodes (the bite of tick must feed for at least 12 hours before it is able to transmit the parasite)
Maltese cross appearance
Lack of Malarial Pigment , lack of growing trophozoites, vector-ticks
Babesia microti/ Babesia divergens
causes: Texas cattle fever, Red water fever
Tends to be more severe; Possible Coinfection with Lyme diseae and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis
They have NOT SHOWN Periodicity
Babesia microti/ Babesia divergens
causes intestinal infection Cryptosporidosis
IS: oocyst
Laboratory diagnosis:
Stool exam, SHEATHER’S SUGAR FLOTATION
MODIFIED Acid-Fast stain: Acid-fast (+) oocyst ; (+) Purple-red-pink
Cryptosporidium parvum
Parasites that have been implicated in Nursery School Outbreaks of Diarrhea
G. lamblia, D. fragilis, Cryptosporidium
produces a longer duration of diarrhea than Cryptosporidiosis
Addition of 5% Potassium Dichromate allows the sporocysts to become visible
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Causes Toxoplasmosis, Congenital toxoplasmosis, Cerebral toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma gondii
DH: CAT (FELINES)
IH:RODENTS
ACCENDENTAL HOST: MAN
Toxoplasma gondii
Note:
Oocyst in infected cat feces may infect man
Trophozoites: Crescent appearance in tissue
Toxoplasma gondii TROPHOZOITES:
Actively dividing form:
A. Tachyzoites
B. Bradyzoites
A. Tachyzoites
Toxoplasma gondii TROPHOZOITES:
Inactive form:
A. Tachyzoites
B. Bradyzoites
B. Bradyzoites
Transplacental: female who acquire infection during pregnancy may transmit to embryo resulting in fetal death mental retardation in newborn or blindness in later life
Pathology: encephalomyelitis, retinochoroiditis with subsequent blindness, intracerebral calcification, Chorioretinitis
T.gondii
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS:
SEROLOGIC TEST: ELISA, IFA, IHA
T. gondii
Treatment: trisulfapyrimidines and pyrimethamine
T. gondii
Initially considered as a yeast, now classified as a PROTOZOA
Most Common form: VACUOLAR FORM
Other forms: AMOEBOID, GRANULAR
Specimen: stool
Treatment: metronidazole, iodoquinol
Blastocytis hominis
✓Lung infection among immunocompromised patient
✓causes Atypical Interstitial Plasma Cell Pneumonia
✓ Interstitial Plasma Cell Pneumonia is the leading cause of death in AIDS patient
✓can be stained by GIEMSA and Iron Hematoxylin
✓Gomori’s methanamine silver nitrate stain ✓TREATMENT: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)
Blastocytis hominis
✓ Reported in patient suffering from AIDS
✓ CORNEAL INFECTIONS AND NOSEMA IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED INFANT
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS:
✓ Show partial positive staining with acid fast stain
✓ modified trichome stain
TREATMENT: ALBENDAZOLE
MICROSPORIDIA
