PROTOZOANS: AMOEBAS, FLAGELLATES, CILIATES, SPOROZOANS Flashcards by Deleted Deleted

Locomotion: pseudopods (false feet)
life cycle: Cyst Stage to Tropozoite stage

Amoebas

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All have cystic stage except:

A. E. histolytica
B. E. nana
C. E. gingivalis

C. E. gingivalis

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All inhabit the intestine except:

A. E. histolytica
B. E. nana
C. E. gingivalis

C. E. gingivalis

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All are commensal EXCEPT:

A. E. histolytica
B. E. nana
C. E. gingivalis

A. E. histolytica

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✓Motile
✓feeding stage
✓vegetative stage
✓found in diarrheal and liquid stools
✓EXCYSTATION Cyst to Troph OCCURS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE
✓ DESTROYED BY IODINE STAIN

A. Tropozoite
B. Cyst

A. Trophozoite

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✓Non-motile
✓Non Feeding Stage
✓Infective stage
✓Found in formed stools
✓Encystation Troph to cyst occurs in the
LARGE INTESTINE
✓MOT: Ingestion of Contaminated water or food

A. Tropozoite
B. Cyst

B. Cyst

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✓Bulls eye amoeba
✓clean looking cytoplasm

A. E. histolytica
B. E. nana
C. E. gingivalis

A. E. histolytica

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Trophozoite:
✓Moves one direction
✓one pseudopod (finger-like) thrusted out in Explosive manner
✓Progressive Directional Movement
✓Centrally Located Karyosome
✓Evenly distributed peripheral chromatin
✓contains Ingested RBC but no bacteria/cell debris
A. E. coli
B. E. histolytica
C. E. dispar
D. E. hartmanni

B. E. histolytica

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Trophozoite:
✓Moves in several direction
✓Sends out SEVERAL BLUNT Pseudopods at the same time
✓Pseudopods thrusted out SLOWLY
✓NON-Progressive, NON-Directional, SLUGGISH Movement
✓ECCENTRICALLY Located Karyosome
✓Unevenly distributed peripheral chromatin
✓ENDOPLASM contains Bacteria, Yeasts, and Cell Debris

A. E. coli
B. E. histolytica
C. E. dispar
D. E. hartmanni

A. E. coli

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✓ Morphologically similar to E. histolytica
✓ nonpathogenic, NO INGESTED RBC
✓Differentiated by PCR

A. E. coli
B. E. histolytica
C. E. dispar
D. E. hartmanni

C. E. dispar

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Cyst:
✓ mature cyst contain up to four nuclei (quadrinucleated cyst)
✓Coffin-shaped/red-shaped/susage-shape Chromatoidal bar
✓cyst may survive for up to 1 month (environment)

A. E. coli
B. E. histolytica
C. E. dispar
D. E. hartmanni

B. E. histolytica

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Cyst:
✓ mature cyst contain up to Eight(8) nuclei (octonucleated cyst)
✓ Chromatoidal bars can be seen aw Splinter-like needles (thin with Pointed to Splintered ends)

A. E. coli
B. E. histolytica
C. E. dispar
D. E. hartmanni

A. E. coli

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Appearance is relatively similar to that of
E. histolytica apart from its SMALLER SIZE

“Small Race of E. histolytica”

A. E. coli
B. E. histolytica
C. E. dispar
D. E. hartmanni

D. E. hartmanni

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✓ FIRST DETECTED IN SEWAGE
✓ Morphologically Indistinguishable from E.histolytica
✓ NO INGESTED RBCs
✓ Non-pathogenic
✓ OSMOTOLERANT, able to grow at room temp (25-30° c) and survive at temperatures ranging from 0 to 41° c

A. E. moshkovskii
B. E. polecki
C. E. nana
D. I. butschlii
E. E. gingivalslis

A. E. moshkovskii

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✓ Found in Pigs and monkeys RARELY infect man
✓ Cyst is UNINUCLEATED, CHROMATOIDAL BARS with Angular or pointed ends

A. E. moshkovskii
B. E. polecki
C. E. nana
D. I. butschlii
E. E. gingivalslis

B. E. polecki

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✓ BLOT-LIKE KARYOSOME
✓”Cross-eyed Cyst”
✓”Smallest Amoeba” (same size with RBC)
✓ Absence of PERIPHERAL CHROMATIN in both Cyst and Trophozoite, NO CHROMATOIDAL bar in Cystic Stage

A. E. moshkovskii
B. E. polecki
C. E. nana
D. I. butschlii
E. E. gingivalslis

C. E. nana

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✓ KARYOSOME is Large, Irregular, and Rounded with a cluster of Achromatic Granules
✓Nucleus is often Described as resembling a BASKET OF FLOWERS in shape
✓ Cyst contains only ONE NUCLEUS, Contains Large-Iodine Staining glycogen vacuole
✓ABSENCE OF PERIPHERAL CHROMATIN IN BOTH CYST and TROPHOZOITE, NO CHROMATOIDAL BAR IN CYSTIC STAGE

A. E. moshkovskii
B. E. polecki
C. E. nana
D. I. butschlii
E. E. gingivalslis

D. I. butschlii

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✓ NO CYSTIC STAGE
✓ENDOPLASM Contains Ingested Leukocytes (WBCs), cell debris, and Bacteria
✓ ONLY AMOEBA THA INGESTS WBC
✓ The First Amoeba recovered from a Human specimen

A. E. moshkovskii
B. E. polecki
C. E. nana
D. I. butschlii
E. E. gingivalslis

E. E. gingivalslis

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CAUSATIVE agent of PAM (Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis)

A. Acanthamoeba spp.
B. N. fowleri

B. N. fowleri

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CAUSATIVE agent of GAE (Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis)

A. Acanthamoeba spp.
B. N. fowleri

A. Acanthamoeba spp.

Note:
Also Balamuthia mandrillaris causes GAE

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✓ BRAIN EATING AMOEBA
✓ INFECTS CSF
✓ Has three morphologic form, Cyst, Amoeboid Trophozoite (DS) and Flagellated form
✓ Causes purulent spinal fluid with Motile amoeba
✓ found in warm bodies of water; including Lakes, streams, ponds, and swimming pools EXCEPT seawater

A. Acanthamoeba spp.
B. N. fowleri

B. N. fowleri

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✓ LAB DIAGNOSIS: CSF examination
✓MOT: Inhalation, Sniffing, Swimming in Contaminated water

A. Acanthamoeba spp.
B. N. fowleri

B. N. fowleri

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Two morphologic forms: TROPHOZOITE (DS) AND CYST

CYST:
Double-walled wrinkeled cyst form with Spiny Hyaline projections

TROPHOZOITE:
With spinelike Pseudopods known as ACANTHOPODIA

A. Acanthamoeba spp.
B. N. fowleri

A. Acanthamoeba spp.

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LAB DIAGNOSIS: CSF Examination, Corneal Scrapings
STAIN: CALCOFLUOR WHITE
MOT: Inhalation (enter the lower respiratory tract), Eyes (contact lens solution, trauma to cornea), Ulcerations in mucosa, broken skin

A. Acanthamoeba spp.
B. N. fowleri

A. Acanthamoeba spp.

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✓Causes Acanthamoeba Keratitis /Amebic Keratitis ✓Causes chronic Central Nervous System Infection (GAE) in debiletated or Immunocompromised patients

Acanthamoeba spp.

Has been identified as the species respnsible for MOST CNS AND EYE INFECTIONS in HUMANS

Acanthamoeba castellanii

ONLY PATHOGENIC INTESTINAL FLAGELLATE:

Giardia lamblia/ Giardia intestinalis/Giardia duodenale (Cercomonas Intestinalis)

Cyst: ✓Football shaped Cyst ✓2 to 4 nuclei; 2 to 4 median bodies ✓Excyst in the Duodenum

Giardia lamblia/ Giardia intestinalis/Giardia duodenale (Cercomonas Intestinalis)

Trophozoite: ✓ pear-shaped / teardrop Shaped ✓ Only Bilaterally Symmetrical protozoan ✓ "OLD MAN'S FACE/ OLD MAN WITH EYEGLASSES APPEARANCE/OLD MAN WITH WHISKERS, MONKEY'S FACE" ✓ FALLING LEAF MOTILITY ✓ with SUCKING DISK in VENTRAL surface ✓ two nuclei with Large KARYOSOME ✓ Axostyle: Rodlike supporting structure ✓ 4 pairs of Flagella ✓ Parabasal body/Median body

Giardia lamblia/ Giardia intestinalis/Giardia duodenale (Cercomonas Intestinalis)

TROPHOZOITE : without an EXTERNAL Flagella; 2 Nuclei, binucleated trophozoite Consist of 4-8 Chromatin granules Peripheral chromatin is ABSENT

D. fragilis

Reside in the mucosal crypts of Large intestine May be transmitted via the eggs of Helminth parasites such as E. vermicularis and A. lumbricoides Were commonly identified in patients who were also infected with E. vermicularis

D. fragilis

when D. fragilis mounted on water it:

Swells and returns to its Normal Size

when mounted in water preparations, D.fragilis granules exhibits:

Brownian movement known as the Hakansson phenomenon

D. fragilis treatment:

Iodoquinol

CYST: characteristics: Protrusion at one end, possess a clear anterior hyaline knob, LEMON SHAPED/ AMERICAN LEMON SHAPE/ NIPPLE SHAPE

Chilomastix mesnili

TROPHOZOITE: Pear-shaped 4 Flagella: 3 Anterior flagella and 1flagella within the cytostome Structure bordering the cytostome resembles a SHEPHERD's CROOK Characteristic SPIRAL GROOVE curving across the body

C. mesnili

Exist ONLY AS TROPHOZOITES (IS) Pear-shaped Undulating Membrane: fin-like structure connected to the outer edge of some flagellates (2Ts: Trichomonas and Trypanosoma)

Trichomonas spp.

HABITAT: Intestine SIZE: medium NUCLEUS: Ovoidal UNDULATING MEMBRANE: As long as the Costa INCLUSION BODIES: none SPX FOR DIAGNOSIS: Stool

Trichomonas hominis

HABITAT: Oral cavity SIZE: Smallest NUCLEUS: Rounded UNDULATING MEMBRANE: 2/3 of the costa INCLUSION BODIES: none SPX FOR DIAGNOSIS: Oral Scrapings

Trichomonas tenax

HABITAT: Genitalia SIZE: Largest NUCLEUS: Ovoidal UNDULATING MEMBRANE: Less than 1/2 of the costa INCLUSION BODIES: Siderophil granules SPX FOR DIAGNOSIS: Urine, Vaginal swab discharge (female), Prostatic secretion (male)

Trichomonas vaginalis

CONTAMINATED MILK is suspected of being one of the sources of:

T. hominis

TARTAR BETWEEN THE TEETH AND GINGIVAL MARGIN of the GUMS are the primary areas of the mouth harboring:

T. tenax

MOT: Kissing, use of Contaminated dishes and utensils

T. tenax

✓ Associated with persistent urethritis, vaginitis, and infant infection ✓ rapid jerky motility, Rapid Darting Motility

T. vaginalis

Foul smelling, GREENISH YELLOW vaginal discharge, RED-PUNCTATE LESIONS may be present upon examining the vaginal mucosa "STRAWBERRY CERVIX"

Vaginitis

Respiratory infection and conjunctivitis

Infant infection

MOT: SEXUAL INTERCOURSE, VERTICAL TRANSMISSION FROM MOTHER TO INFANT, CONTAMINATED TOILET SEATS Treatment: Metronidazole (Flagyl)

T.vaginalis

Considered as the most common non-viral STI in the world

Trichomonas

Trichomoniasis is also called as:

PING-PONG DISEASE

Appearance: round to oval Nucleus: one, usually off center Features: KINETOPLAST PRESENT: Blepharoplast + Parabasal body (enegrizing portion) NO FLAGELLA A. AMASTIGOTE B. PROMASTIGOTE C. EPIMASTIGOTE D. TRYPOMASTIGOTE

A. AMASTIGOTE

Appearance: long and slender Nucleus: one, located in or near center Features: KINETOPLAST, located in Anterior end Single-free flagellum: Extending from anterior end A. AMASTIGOTE B. PROMASTIGOTE C. EPIMASTIGOTE D. TRYPOMASTIGOTE

B. PROMASTIGOTE

Appearance: long and slightly woder Nucleus: one, located in Posterior End Features: KINETOPLAST located Anterior to the Nucleus Undulating Membrane: extending half of body length Free Flagellum: extending from anterior End A. AMASTIGOTE B. PROMASTIGOTE C. EPIMASTIGOTE D. TRYPOMASTIGOTE

C. EPIMASTIGOTE

Appearance: C,S, U shaped Nucleus: one, located anterior to the kinetoplast Features: KINETOPLAST located in the Posterior End Undulating Membrane: extending entire body length Free Flagellum: extending from anterir End A. AMASTIGOTE B. PROMASTIGOTE C. EPIMASTIGOTE D. TRYPOMASTIGOTE

D. TRYPOMASTIGOTE

The 2 forms routinely found in Human specimens: A. AMASTIGOTE and PROMASTIGOTE B. AMASTIGOTE and EPIMASTIGOTE C. AMASTIGOTE andd TRYPOMASTIGOTE

C. AMASTIGOTE and TRYPOMASTIGOTE

Found primarily in tissue and muscle as well as the CNS within macrophages where they Multiply

AMASTIGOTE

Migrate, Reproduce, and are visible in the Peripheral blood

TRYPOMASTIGOTE

Stages may be seen only if a blood sample is collected immediately after Leishmania transmission

PROMASTIGOTE

Are found Primarily in the arthropod vector

EPIMASTIGOTE

Vector: SANDFLY DS: AMASTIGOTE IS: PROMASTIGOTE

Leishmania spp.

Culture for Leishmania and Trypanosoma

Novy-Nicole-McNeal medium (NNN)

Screening test similar to that of TUBERCULIN skin test Used for screening large population at risk of infections caused by Leishmania spp.

Montenegro skin test

DRY LESIONS OLD WORLD CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS, locally known as Oriental Sore, Aleppo button, Baghdad or Jericho boil PATHOLOGY: Localized cutaneous infection

Leishmania tropica

WEEPING LESIONS MUCOCUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS "NEW WORLD", Espundia, bubas, chiclero ulcer, forest yaws, pian bois, uta

Leishmania braziliensis

VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS DUM-DUM fever or "Black fever", Kala-azar - severe form of visceral leishmaniasis Hepatosplenomegaly Advance stages: Kidney damage

Leishmania donovani

West African Sleeping Sickness, Gambian trypanosomiasis manifest months or years after initial infection

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

East African Sleeping Sickness, Rhodesian trypanosomiasis Symptoms appear just weeks after infection

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

American trypanosomiasis or Chagas Disease Described by Carlos Chagas

Trypanosoma cruzi

causative agent of the trypanosomal disease known as NAGANA and SLEEPING SICKNESS

Trypanosoma brucei

Vector: Tsetse flies of the genus Glossina

T.b gambiense and T.b rhodesiense

Acute phase of T.b gambiense and T.b rhodesiense A. Peripheral blood and lymph nodes are invaded B. CNS is invaded

A. Peripheral blood and lymph nodes are Invaded

Chronic phase of T.b gambiense and T.b rhodesiense A. Peripheral blood and lymph nodes are invaded B. CNS is invaded

B. CNS is invaded Note: CNS is invaded resulting in meningoencephalitis comatose state develops commonly known as sleeping sickness

Painful ulcers surrounded by a white halo at the bite site A. Chancre B. Winterbottom's sign C. Erythematous D. Kerandel's sign E. Somnolence

A. Chancre

Inflammatory swelling of the cervical lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) A. Chancre B. Winterbottom's sign C. Erythematous D. Kerandel's sign E. Somnolence

B. Winterbottom's sign

(Red) rash and localized edema A. Chancre B. Winterbottom's sign C. Erythematous D. Kerandel's sign E. Somnolence

C. Erythematous

Delayed sensation to pain A. Chancre B. Winterbottom's sign C. Erythematous D. Kerandel's sign E. Somnolence

D. Kerandel's sign

Excessive sleepiness A. Chancre B. Winterbottom's sign C. Erythematous D. Kerandel's sign E. Somnolence

E. Somnolence

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS: Febrile stage: Blood And Lymphatics Sleeping sickness stage (CNS): CSF DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: TRYPOMASTIGOTE INCREASED SERUM and or CSF IgM LEVELS

T.b rhodesiense & T.b gambiense

VECTOR: most common vectors are Triatomid bugs, Kissing bugs, or reduviid bugs (Panstrongylus megistus), Assassin bugs, Conenose bugs

T.cruzi

Erythematous nodule at the site of infection A. Chagoma B. Romaña's sign

A. Chagoma

Unilateral edema of the eyelids A. Chagoma B. Romaña's sign

B. Romaña's sign

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: TRYPOMASTIGOTE AND AMASTIGOTE INCREASED SERUM and or CSF IgM levels

Trypanosoma cruzi

Causes Balantidiasis Largest parasitic protozoan Natural Host: pigs or swine MOT: ingestion of infective cysts from swine feces

Balantidium coli

TROPHOZOITE: Kidney-Shaped Macronucleus ; dot-like micronucleus Macronucleus: Vegetative function Micronucleus: sexual production Cytostome: Mouth Cytopyge: Anus Motility: throne ball or rolling motion

B. coli

Cyst: Two kinds of nuclei: kidney-shaped macronucleus, dot-like micronucleus Refractive double wall enclosing cilia

B. coli

Treatment of choice for Balantidium coli:

Metronidazole (flagyl)

Most common Plasmodium in the Philippines A. P.Vivax B. P.ovale C. P. falciparum D. P. malariae

C. falciparum

Most common Plasmodium in the World A. P.vivax B. P.ovale C. P. falciparum D. P. malariae

A. P. vivax

Man: Intermediate host IS to Man : Sporozoite A. Sexual cycle (Sporogony) B. Asexual Cycle( Schizogony)

Asexual Cycle( Schizogony)

Female Anopheles Mosquito: Final Host IS to Anopheles Mosquito: Gametocytes A. Sexual cycle (Sporogony) B. Asexual Cycle( Schizogony)

A. Sexual cycle (Sporogony)

Cause of malaria "bad air" Leading parasitic disease that causes mortality worldwide

Plasmodium

Every 36 hours; Malignant Tertian Malaria A. Plasmodium falciparum B. Plasmodium ovale; Plasmodium vivax C. Plasmodium malariae D. Plasmodium knowlesi

A. Plasmodium falciparum

Every 24 hours; Quotidian Malaria A. Plasmodium falciparum B. Plasmodium ovale; Plasmodium vivax C. Plasmodium malariae D. Plasmodium knowlesi

D. Plasmodium knowlesi

Every 48 hours; Benign Tertian Malaria A. Plasmodium falciparum B. Plasmodium ovale; Plasmodium vivax C. Plasmodium malariae D. Plasmodium knowlesi

B. Plasmodium ovale; Plasmodium vivax

Every 72 hours; Quartan Malaria A. Plasmodium falciparum B. Plasmodium ovale; Plasmodium vivax C. Plasmodium malariae D. Plasmodium knowlesi

C. Plasmodium malariae

Most fatal infection A. Plasmodium falciparum B. Plasmodium ovale; Plasmodium vivax C. Plasmodium malariae D. Plasmodium knowlesi

A. Plasmodium falciparum

Red cells, organisms, and pigment block brain vessels A. Cerebral malaria B. Blackwater fever

A. Cerebral malaria

Sudden massive intravascular hemolysis resulting to hemoglobinuria A. Cerebral malaria B. Blackwater fever

B. Blackwater fever

Marker for African black race Resistant to P. vivax A. Fy (a+b-) B. Fy (a-b-) C. M+N- D. M-N-

B. Fy (a-b-)

Resistant to P. falciparum merozoites A. Fy (a+b-) B. Fy (a-b-) C. M+N- D. M-N-

D. M-N-

Hexosemonophosphate Shunt

G6PD deficiency

Single large ring (1/3 of the cell diameter) (signet ring) Amoeboid trophozoites Schuffner's dots Invades YOUNG RBC's Reticulocytes A. Plasmodium falciparum B. Plasmodium ovale C. Plasmodium malariae D. Plasmodium knowlesi E. Plasmodium vivax

E. Plasmodium vivax

Schizonts: 12-24 merozoites; Average 16 Round to ovoid gametocytes ALL STAGES are PRESENT A. Plasmodium falciparum B. Plasmodium ovale C. Plasmodium malariae D. Plasmodium knowlesi E. Plasmodium vivax

E. Plasmodium vivax

Imoprtant for invasion of P.vivax

Fy6

Singel large ring Larger and thicker than P. vivax Amoeboid trophozoite Schuffner's Dots and James Dots Invades YOUNG RBCs or Reticulocytes Infected RBC's: ENLARGED; SERRATED FIMBRIATED A. Plasmodium falciparum B. Plasmodium ovale C. Plasmodium malariae D. Plasmodium knowlesi E. Plasmodium vivax

B. Plasmodium ovale

SCHIZONT: 8 Merozoites (6-14) Round to Ovoid gametocyte A. Plasmodium falciparum B. Plasmodium ovale C. Plasmodium malariae D. Plasmodium knowlesi E. Plasmodium vivax

B. Plasmodium ovale

Single Large compact Ring (1/6 of the infected RBC) SMALLER than P. vivax Band Trophozoite Ziemann's Dots Invades OLD red cells/mature RBC Infected RBC: Normal Size A. Plasmodium falciparum B. Plasmodium ovale C. Plasmodium malariae D. Plasmodium knowlesi E. Plasmodium vivax

C. Plasmodium malariae

Schizont: 6-12 merozoites Merozoites are arranged around a central pigment (Fruit pie/Rosette/Daisy head Merozoites Round / Ovoid gametocytes A. Plasmodium falciparum B. Plasmodium ovale C. Plasmodium malariae D. Plasmodium knowlesi E. Plasmodium vivax

C. Plasmodium malariae

Small ring forms (1/6 diameter red cell), applique forms/ accole/ marginal, double nuclear dots Multiple parasitization of red cells: multiple ring infection Maurer's Dots Invades ALL AGES OF RED CELLS A. Plasmodium falciparum B. Plasmodium ovale C. Plasmodium malariae D. Plasmodium knowlesi E. Plasmodium vivax

A. Plasmodium falciparum

Schizont: 8-36 merozoites; Ave 24 Crescent-shaped gametocytes A. Plasmodium falciparum B. Plasmodium ovale C. Plasmodium malariae D. Plasmodium knowlesi E. Plasmodium vivax

A. Plasmodium falciparum

Occur in the warmer months of late summer and early autumn or called as AESTIVOAUTUMNAL MALARIA A. Plasmodium falciparum B. Plasmodium ovale C. Plasmodium malariae D. Plasmodium knowlesi E. Plasmodium vivax

A. Plasmodium falciparum

Fifth human Malaria/ Parasite of Long-tailed Macaques, but humans working in nearby forest are at greatest risk of infection A. Plasmodium falciparum B. Plasmodium ovale C. Plasmodium malariae D. Plasmodium knowlesi E. Plasmodium vivax

D. Plasmodium knowlesi

Described in humans in the Philippines and Southeast Asia A. Plasmodium falciparum B. Plasmodium ovale C. Plasmodium malariae D. Plasmodium knowlesi E. Plasmodium vivax

D. Plasmodium knowlesi

Indistinguishable from P.malariae Differentiation through PCR Assay and Molecular characterization A. Plasmodium falciparum B. Plasmodium ovale C. Plasmodium malariae D. Plasmodium knowlesi E. Plasmodium vivax

D. Plasmodium knowlesi

Older developing stage of P. knowlesi resembles those of: A. Plasmodium falciparum B. Plasmodium ovale C. Plasmodium vivax D. Plasmodium malariae

D. Plasmodium malariae

Early ring stages of P. knowlesi resembles those of: A. Plasmodium falciparum B. Plasmodium ovale C. Plasmodium vivax D. Plasmodium malariae

A. Plasmodium falciparum

Nantucket fever

Babesia microti/ Babesia divergens

Definitive Host (DH) /Final Host (FH) (SEXUAL PHASE OR SPOROGONY) of Babesia microti / Babesia divergens

Vector (tick)

Intermediate Host (Asexual phase/schizogony) of B. microti / B. divergens

Deer, cattle, dogs, mice, Humans

IS TO MAN: sporozoites MOT: Bite of Tick/ (Ixodes); Blood transfussion

Babesia microti/ Babesia divergens Note: Ixodes (the bite of tick must feed for at least 12 hours before it is able to transmit the parasite)

Maltese cross appearance Lack of Malarial Pigment , lack of growing trophozoites, vector-ticks

Babesia microti/ Babesia divergens

causes: Texas cattle fever, Red water fever Tends to be more severe; Possible Coinfection with Lyme diseae and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis They have NOT SHOWN Periodicity

Babesia microti/ Babesia divergens

causes intestinal infection Cryptosporidosis IS: oocyst Laboratory diagnosis: Stool exam, SHEATHER'S SUGAR FLOTATION MODIFIED Acid-Fast stain: Acid-fast (+) oocyst ; (+) Purple-red-pink

Cryptosporidium parvum

Parasites that have been implicated in Nursery School Outbreaks of Diarrhea

G. lamblia, D. fragilis, Cryptosporidium

produces a longer duration of diarrhea than Cryptosporidiosis Addition of 5% Potassium Dichromate allows the sporocysts to become visible

Cyclospora cayetanensis

Causes Toxoplasmosis, Congenital toxoplasmosis, Cerebral toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii

DH: CAT (FELINES) IH:RODENTS ACCENDENTAL HOST: MAN

Toxoplasma gondii Note: Oocyst in infected cat feces may infect man Trophozoites: Crescent appearance in tissue

Toxoplasma gondii TROPHOZOITES: Actively dividing form: A. Tachyzoites B. Bradyzoites

A. Tachyzoites

Toxoplasma gondii TROPHOZOITES: Inactive form: A. Tachyzoites B. Bradyzoites

B. Bradyzoites

Transplacental: female who acquire infection during pregnancy may transmit to embryo resulting in fetal death mental retardation in newborn or blindness in later life Pathology: encephalomyelitis, retinochoroiditis with subsequent blindness, intracerebral calcification, Chorioretinitis

T.gondii

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS: SEROLOGIC TEST: ELISA, IFA, IHA

T. gondii

Treatment: trisulfapyrimidines and pyrimethamine

T. gondii

Initially considered as a yeast, now classified as a PROTOZOA Most Common form: VACUOLAR FORM Other forms: AMOEBOID, GRANULAR Specimen: stool Treatment: metronidazole, iodoquinol

Blastocytis hominis

✓Lung infection among immunocompromised patient ✓causes Atypical Interstitial Plasma Cell Pneumonia ✓ Interstitial Plasma Cell Pneumonia is the leading cause of death in AIDS patient ✓can be stained by GIEMSA and Iron Hematoxylin ✓Gomori's methanamine silver nitrate stain ✓TREATMENT: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

Blastocytis hominis

✓ Reported in patient suffering from AIDS ✓ CORNEAL INFECTIONS AND NOSEMA IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED INFANT LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS: ✓ Show partial positive staining with acid fast stain ✓ modified trichome stain TREATMENT: ALBENDAZOLE

MICROSPORIDIA