CLINICAL CHEMISTRY Flashcards
Base SI unit for the amount of a substance
A. Mole(mol)
B. Millimole
C. Equivalent weight
A. Mole(mol)
Concentration expressed as the amount of solute per 100 parts of solution (%)
A. Percent solution
B. Molarity
C. Normality
D. Molality
A . Percent solution
Moles of solute per kilogram of solvent (mol/kg)
A. Percent solution
B. Molarity
C. Normality
D. Molality
D. Molality
Moles per liter of solution (mol/L)
A. Percent solution
B. Molarity
C. Normality
D. Molality
B. Molarity
Equivalent weight per liter of solution (Eq/L)
A. Percent solution
B. Molarity
C. Normality
D. Molality
C. Normality
Number of Osmoles of solute per liter of solution or per kilogram of solvent
A. SOLUTION
B. CONCENTRATION
C. OSMOLARITY OR OSMOLALITY
C. OSMOLARITY OR OSMOLALITY
A uniform mixture of solute and solvent and is described in terms of concentration
A. SOLUTION
B. CONCENTRATION
C. OSMOLARITY OR OSMOLALITY
A. SOLUTION
Amount of solute in a given volume of solution
A. SOLUTION
B. CONCENTRATION
C. OSMOLARITY OR OSMOLALITY
B. CONCENTRATION
Normal serum osmolality:
A. 270-280 mOsm/kg
B. 275-295 mOsm/kg
C. 275-290 mOsm/kg
B. 275-295 mOsm/kg
An expression of osmotic concentration; hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic
A. Tonicity
B. Saturation
C. Colligative properties
A. Tonicity
Routine terms in clinical laboratory that describe the extent of saturation are dilute, concentrated, saturated, and supersaturated
A. Tonicity
B. Saturation
C. Colligative properties
B. Saturation
Physical properties of solution that depend on the relative concentration of solute and solvent but not on their identities
A. Tonicity
B. Saturation
C. Colligative properties
C. Colligative properties
PRESSURE THAT OPPOSES OSMOSIS WHEN THE SOLVENT FLOWS THROUGH A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE TO ESTABLISH EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN COMPARTMENTS OF DIFFERING CONCENTRATION
INCREASED BY 1.7 * 10 ^ 4
A. VAPOR PRESSURE
B. FREEZING POINT
C. BOILING POINT
D. OSMOTIC PRESSURE
D. OSMOTIC PRESSURE
PRESSURE AT WHICH LIQUID SOLVENT IS THE EQUILIBRIUM WITH WATER VAPOR
DECREASED by 0.3 mmHg or torr
A. VAPOR PRESSURE
B. FREEZING POINT
C. BOILING POINT
D. OSMOTIC PRESSURE
A. VAPOR PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE SOLID AND LIQUID PHASES OF A SUBSTANCE ARE THE SAME
DECREASED by 1.86°c
A. VAPOR PRESSURE
B. FREEZING POINT
C. BOILING POINT
D. OSMOTIC PRESSURE
B. FREEZING POINT
TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE SOLVENT REACHES 1 ATM
INCREASED BY 0.52°C
A. VAPOR PRESSURE
B. FREEZING POINT
C. BOILING POINT
D. OSMOTIC PRESSURE
C. BOILING POINT
✓Very high purity
✓ meets specifications of American Chemical Society
A. Analytic reagent
B. Ultra pure
C. Chemically pure
D. US Pharmacopia and National Formulatory
E. Technical or commercial
A. Analytic reagent
✓SPECTROGRADE, NANOGRADE or HPLC GRADE
✓ used for gas chromatography, HPLC, fluorometry, AAS, immunoassays, molecular diagnostics, trace metal determinations, standardization or other techniques that require pure chemical
A. Analytic reagent
B. Ultra pure
C. Chemically pure
D. US Pharmacopia and National Formulatory
E. Technical or commercial
B. Ultra pure
✓ Melting Point Analysis used to ascertain the acceptable purity range
✓ NOT RECOMMENDED FOR CLINICAL LABS but may be acceptable for some lab applications when higher purity chemicals aren’t available
A. Analytic reagent
B. Ultra pure
C. Chemically pure
D. US Pharmacopia and National Formulatory
E. Technical or commercial
C. Chemically pure
✓ Not injurious to health
✓ used to manufacture drugs
A. Analytic reagent
B. Ultra pure
C. Chemically pure
D. US Pharmacopia and National Formulatory
E. Technical or commercial
D. US Pharmacopia and National Formulatory
✓FOR INDUSTRIAL USE
✓not of sufficient purity to use as analytic reagents
A. Analytic reagent
B. Ultra pure
C. Chemically pure
D. US Pharmacopia and National Formulatory
E. Technical or commercial
E. Technical or commercial
✓Most commonly used glassware in the laboratory
✓High resistance to thermal shock and chemical attack. low alkali content
✓can be heated and autoclaved
strain point 515° c
Borosilicate glass
✓6 * stronger than borosilicate
Aliminosilicate glass (corex)
✓High thermal and heat shock resistance 900°c
✓ACID resistant
Vycor (Corning)
“ACIDVy”
✓Used for highly alkaline solutions
✓ALKALI resistant
✓Poor heat resistance
Boron free or soft glass
“Alkali-Booo”🤣
✓Excellent optical properties
✓Used for high precision analytic work, optical reflectors, mirrors
High silica
✓Used for some DISPOSABLE glassware
✓least expensive but poor resistance to high temperature
Flint glass
✓Used to decrease exposure to light
✓Amber/Red
Low actinic
✓Relatively inert chemically resistant to most acids, alkali, and salts
✓ can be autoclaved
✓USED FOR PIPETTE TIPS, TEST TUBES
Polypropylene
✓used for test tubes bottles, disposable transfer pipettes, test tube racks
✓CAN’T be AUTOCLAVED
Polyethylene
✓Stronger than polypropylene
✓ better temperature tolerance but chemical resistance not as good
✓USED FOR CENTRIFUGE TUBES GRADUATED CYLINDERS
Polycarbonate
✓Rigid,clear.
✓shouldn’t be autoclave
✓used for Test tubes, Graduated tubes
Polystyrene
✓frequently used as tubing
Polyvinyl chloride
Extremely inert
Teflon
Delivers the EXACT AMOUNT it holds into a container
To Deliver (TD)
Holds the particular volume but DOES NOT DISPENSE the EXACT amount
To contain (TC)
Meets high standards for accuracy
RECOMMEND FOR CALIBRATION
Class A (A)
✓ Has a continuous etched rings on top of the pipette;
✓ exact volume is obtained when the drop is blown out
✓ Viscous Fluids
Blowout
✓ Absence of etched rings on top of the pipette
✓ liquid is allowed to drain by gravity
✓ touch of last drop against wall of receiving vessel
✓ NON VISCOUS FLUIDS
Self-draining
Graduation marks to the tip and is generally BLOW OUT
Serologic
✓Does not have graduation to the tip
✓ SELF DRAINING
Mohr
✓ Bulb Is In The Middle
✓ designed to dispense or transfer aqueous solution and is always self draining
✓ greatest degree of accuracy and precision
✓ used when diluting standards, calibrators, or quality control material
A. VOLUMETRIC PIPET
B. OSTWALD-FOLIN
C. PASTEUR PIPET
D. AUTOMATIC MACROPIPETS OR MICROPIPETS
A. VOLUMETRIC PIPET
✓Bulb is nearer the mouthpiece
✓ blowout pipets, indicated by 2 etched continuous ring at the top
A. VOLUMETRIC PIPET
B. OSTWALD-FOLIN
C. PASTEUR PIPET
D. AUTOMATIC MACROPIPETS OR MICROPIPETS
B. OSTWALD-FOLIN
✓no calibration marks and are used to transfer solution or biologic fluids without consideration of a specific volume
✓ NOT TO BE USED IN ANY QUANTITATIVE ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES
A. VOLUMETRIC PIPET
B. OSTWALD-FOLIN
C. PASTEUR PIPET
D. AUTOMATIC MACROPIPETS OR MICROPIPETS
C. PASTEUR PIPET
MOST ROUTINELY USED PIPETTE IN TODAY’S CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
A. VOLUMETRIC PIPET
B. OSTWALD-FOLIN
C. PASTEUR PIPET
D. AUTOMATIC MACROPIPETS OR MICROPIPETS
D. AUTOMATIC MACROPIPETS OR MICROPIPETS
Produces a monolayer of cells
Cytocentrifuge
Force acting on sample being
RCF: Relative Centrifugal Force
Determined by tachometer or strobe light
rpm/revolutions per minute
✓ Tubes are in HORIZONTAL position when ROTATING and VERTICAL in REST
✓ recommended for Serum Separator Tubes
Horizontal head centrifuge (swinging-bucket)
✓ Tubes are at fixed angle 25° to 45° when rotating
✓ capable of higher speeds
Angle-head centrifuge
✓High speed capable of 100,000 rpm
✓Reference method for lipoproteins
Ultra centrifuge
Multiple test analyzed one after another on a given specimen
A. Sequential Analysis
B. Parallel testing
C. Batch analysis
D. Random Access
A. Sequential Analysis
Able to perform individual tests or panels, and allow for STAT samples to be added to the run ahead of other specimens; any test on any sample in any sequence
A. Sequential Analysis
B. Parallel testing
C. Batch analysis
D. Random Access
D. Random Access
All samples are loaded at the same time, and a single test is performed in each sample
A. Sequential Analysis
B. Parallel testing
C. Batch analysis
D. Random Access
C. Batch analysis
More than one test is analyzed concurrently on a given specimen
A. Sequential Analysis
B. Parallel testing
C. Batch analysis
D. Random Access
C. Parallel testing
System wherein reagents from other manufacturers can be used
A. Open reagent system
B. Closed reagent system
A. Open reagent system
Only the manufacturers reagent may be used
A. Open reagent system
B. Closed reagent system
B. Closed reagent system
Maximum number of tests generated per hour
A. Throughput
B. Turnaround
C. Dead volume
D. Carry over
E. Reflex testing
A. Throughput
Amount of time to generate one result
A. Throughput
B. Turnaround
C. Dead volume
D. Carry over
E. Reflex testing
B. Turnaround
Amount of serum that cannot be aspirated
A. Throughput
B. Turnaround
C. Dead volume
D. Carry over
E. Reflex testing
C. Dead volume
The contamination of a sample by a previous aspirated sample
A. Throughput
B. Turn around
C. Dead volume
D. Carry over
E. Reflex testing
D. Carry over
Use of preliminary test result to determine if additional test should be ordered or cancelled on a particular specimen; performed manually or automated
A. Throughput
B. Turnaround
C. Dead volume
D. Carry over
E. Reflex testing
E. Reflex testing
Produces an intense, reproducible, constant beam of polychromatic light
A. Light source/Exciter lamp
B. Entrance slit
C. Monochromator
D. Exit slit
A. Light source/Exciter lamp
Fixed in position and size to minimize unwanted or stray light and prevents scattered light into the monochromator system
A. Light source/Exciter lamp
B. Entrance slit
C. Monochromator
D. Exit slit
B. Entrance slit
Disperses the light into isolated wavelengths
A. Light source/Exciter lamp
B. Entrance slit
C. Monochromator
D. Exit slit
C. Monochromator
Select the bandpass of the selected wavelength to pass through the cuvet onto the detector
A. Light source/Exciter lamp
B. Entrance slit
C. Monochromator
D. Exit slit
D. Exit slit
Emits radiation that changes in intensity; Widely used
A. Continuum source
B. Line source
A. Continuum source
Emits limited radiation and wavelength
A. Continuum source
B. Line source
B. Line source
Most common used in visible and near infrared regions
A. Tungsten light bulb
B. Deuterium lamp
C. Xenon discharge lamp
A. Tungsten light bulb
Used in UV region
A. Tungsten light bulb
B. Deuterium lamp
C. Xenon discharge lamp
B. Deuterium lamp
Continuous source of radiation in both the UV and Visible region
A. Tungsten light bulb
B. Deuterium lamp
C. Xenon discharge lamp
C. Xenon discharge lamp
UV and Visible regions in Spectro
A. Mercury and Sodium Vapor Lamp
B. Hallow cathode lamp
A. Mercury and Sodium vapor lamp
UV and visible in AAS
A. Mercury and Sodium Vapor Lamp
B. Hallow cathode lamp
B. Hallow cathode lamp
Holds the solution being examined, sample cell, analytical cell, absorption cell
A. Cuvet
B. Photodetector
C. Meter/Readout device
A. Cuvet
Converts transmitted light into photoelectric energy
A. Cuvet
B. Photodetector
C. Meter/Readout device
B. Photodetector
Displace output of the detection system
A. Cuvet
B. Photodetector
C. Meter/Readout device
C. Meter/Readout device
% Transmittance against Concentration
A. SEMILOGARITHMIC PAPER
B. LINEAR GRAPH PAPER
A. SEMILOGARITHMIC PAPER
Absorbance against Concentration
A. SEMILOGARITHMIC PAPER
B. LINEAR GRAPH PAPER
B. LINEAR GRAPH PAPER
COLOR OF FLAME:
Calcium
A. RED
B. YELLOW
C. LILAC/VIOLET
D. BRICK-RED
E. GREEN-BLUE
F. GREEN
G. BLUE
D. BRICK-RED
COLOR OF FLAME:
Magnesium
A. RED
B. YELLOW
C. LILAC/VIOLET
D. BRICK-RED
E. GREEN-BLUE
F. GREEN
G. BLUE
G. BLUE
COLOR OF FLAME:
Lithium
A. RED
B. YELLOW
C. LILAC/VIOLET
D. BRICK-RED
E. GREEN-BLUE
F. GREEN
G. BLUE
A. RED
COLOR OF FLAME:
Barium
A. RED
B. YELLOW
C. LILAC/VIOLET
D. BRICK-RED
E. GREEN-BLUE
F. GREEN
G. BLUE
F. GREEN
COLOR OF FLAME:
Sodium
A. RED
B. YELLOW
C. LILAC/VIOLET
D. BRICK-RED
E. GREEN-BLUE
F. GREEN
G. BLUE
B. YELLOW
COLOR OF FLAME:
Potassium
A. RED
B. YELLOW
C. LILAC/VIOLET
D. BRICK-RED
E. GREEN-BLUE
F. GREEN
G. BLUE
C. LILAC/VIOLET
COLOR OF FLAME:
Copper
A. RED
B. YELLOW
C. LILAC/VIOLET
D. BRICK-RED
E. GREEN-BLUE
F. GREEN
G. BLUE
E. GREEN-BLUE
Measurement of differences in voltage potential at a constant current
A. Potentiometry
B. Coulometry
C. Amperometry
D. Polarography
E. Voltammetry
A. Potentiometry
Note:
It uses pH, pCO2
✓Measures amount of electricity at a fixed potential
✓uses chloride test
A. Potentiometry
B. Coulometry
C. Amperometry
D. Polarography
E. Voltammetry
B. Coulometry
✓Measurement of the current flow produced by an oxidation reduction reaction
✓Used in pO2, glucose, chloride, and peroxidase determination
A. Potentiometry
B. Coulometry
C. Amperometry
D. Polarography
E. Voltammetry
C. Amperometry
Note:
“ApO2”
Measures differences in current at a constant voltage
A. Potentiometry
B. Coulometry
C. Amperometry
D. Polarography
E. Voltammetry
D. Polarography
The measurement of current after a potential is applied to an electrochemical cell
A. Potentiometry
B. Coulometry
C. Amperometry
D. Polarography
E. Voltammetry
E. Voltammetry
For lead and iron testing
Anodic stripping voltammetry
Measures the electrolyte dissolved in the fluid phase of the sample in mmol/L of plasma water
ISE: Ion Selective Electrode
✓WITHOUT SAMPLE DILUTION
✓not subject to pseudohyponatremia caused by hyperlipidemic or hyperproteinemic samples
A. Direct ISE
B. Indirect ISE
A. Direct ISE
WITH SAMPLE DILUTION
A. Direct ISE
B. Indirect ISE
B. Indirect ISE
Process by which Lab ensures quality results by closely monitoring pre-analytical, analytical, and post analytical stages of testing
A. Quality assessment or Quality assurance
B. Pre-analytical QA
C. Analytical QA
D. Post-Analytical QA
E. Quality System
A. Quality assessment or Quality assurance
Everything that precedes test performance
Ex. Test ordering, patient preparation,
patient ID, specimen collection, specimen transport, specimen processing
A. Quality assessment or Quality assurance
B. Pre-analytical QA
C. Analytical QA
D. Post-Analytical QA
E. Quality System
B. Pre-analytical QA
Everything related to essay
Ex. Test analysis, QC, reagents, calibration, Preventive Maintenance
A. Quality assessment or Quality assurance
B. Pre-analytical QA
C. Analytical QA
D. Post-Analytical QA
E. Quality System
C. Analytical QA
Everything that comes after test analysis
Ex. Verification of calculations and reference ranges, review of results, notification of critical values, result reporting, test interpretation by physician, follow up patient care
A. Quality assessment or Quality assurance
B. Pre-analytical QA
C. Analytical QA
D. Post-Analytical QA
E. Quality System
D. Post-Analytical QA
All of the Labs policies, processes, procedures, and resources needed to achieve quality testing
A. Quality assessment or Quality assurance
B. Pre-analytical QA
C. Analytical QA
D. Post-Analytical QA
E. Quality System
E. Quality System
Ultimately prevent the reporting of incorrect patient test results
A. Quality control
B. Quality improvement
A. Quality control
Goes beyond monitoring detecting and preventing errors
A. Quality control
B. Quality improvement
B. Quality improvement
Used to reduce error and waste within the health care system
LEAN SIX SIGMA
DMAIC: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control
PROCESS OF MONITORING RESULTS FROM CONTROL SAMPLES TO VERIFY RELIABILITY OF PATIENTS RESULTS
SYSTEM OF ENSURING DAILY ACCURACY AND PRECISION
A. Quality Control (QC)/ Intralab/ Internal QC
B. Control
C. External QC/ Interlab QC
A. Quality Control (QC)/ Intralab/ Internal QC
Sample that is chemically and physically similar to unknown specimen and is tested in exactly the same manner
A. Quality Control (QC)/ Intralab/ Internal QC
B. Control
C. External QC/ Interlab QC
B. Control
QC THAT EXTENDS BEYOND LAB
IMPORTANT IN MAINTAINING LONG TERM ACCURACY OF THE ANALYTICAL
A. Quality Control (QC)/ Intralab/ Internal QC
B. Control
C. External QC/ Interlab QC
C. External QC/ Interlab QC
Process of TESTING AND ADJUSTING ANALYZERS READOUT to establish correlation between MEASURED and ACTUAL CORRELATION
A. CALIBRATION
B. CALIBRATOR
C. CALIBRATION VERIFICATION
A. CALIBRATION
REFERENCE MATERIAL with KNOWN CONCENTRATION OF ANALYTE
Formly Called STANDARD
A. CALIBRATION
B. CALIBRATOR
C. CALIBRATION VERIFICATION
B. CALIBRATOR
Testing materials of known concentrations
Test 3 levels high midpoint and low
Required every 6 months, when lot # of reagents changes, following preventive maintenance or repair, and when control are out of range
A. CALIBRATION
B. CALIBRATOR
C. CALIBRATION VERIFICATION
C. CALIBRATION VERIFICATION
Statistical parameters describing spread of data about mean
A. Range
B. Mean
C. Standard deviation
D. Coefficient of variation
E. Measures of Dispersion
E. Measures of Dispersion
Difference between highest and lowest values in data set
A. Range
B. Mean
C. Standard deviation
D. Coefficient of variation
E. Measures of Dispersion
A. Range
Sum of all observations divided by number of observations.
Average of all observations
A. Range
B. Mean
C. Standard deviation
D. Coefficient of variation
E. Measures of Dispersion
B. Mean
Statistical expression of dispersion of values around mean.
Requires a minimum of 20 values
A. Range
B. Mean
C. Standard deviation
D. Coefficient of variation
E. Measures of Dispersion
C. Standard deviation
Expresses standard deviation as percentage.
The higher the CV the lower the precision
A. Range
B. Mean
C. Standard deviation
D. Coefficient of variation
E. Measures of Dispersion
D. Coefficient of variation
68% OF VALUES FALL WITHIN _____
A. +/- 1SD
B. +/- 2SD
C. +/- 3SD
A. +/- 1SD
95.5% OF VALUES FALL WITHIN _____
A. +/- 1SD
B. +/- 2SD
C. +/- 3SD
B. +/- 2SD
99.7% OF VALUES FALL WITHIN _____
A. +/- 1SD
B. +/- 2SD
C. +/- 3SD
C. +/- 3SD
A population probability distribution that is symmetric about the mean
Gaussian Curve (Bell-shaped curve)
Calculate difference between QC results and the target means.
GIVES EARLIEST INDICATION OF SYSTEMATIC ERRORS (SHIFT) NOT TREND
CUSUM: CUMULATIVE SUM GRAPH
Used to compare results obtain on a high and low control serum from different labs
Youdin or Twin Plot
✓Most widely used
✓A graphic representation of the acceptable limits of variation in the results of an analytical method and easily identifies RANDOM AND SYSTEMATIC ERRORS
Shewhart Levey-Jennings chart
✓Six consecutive control values on SAME SIDE OF MEAN.
✓Sudden or Abrupt change
✓ main cause: IMPROPER CALIBRATION
A. Shift
B. Trend
A. Shift
✓ control values INCREASING or DECREASING for 6 consecutive runs
✓ Gradual loss of Reliability in the test system
✓ main cause: DETERIORATION OF REAGENTS
A. Shift
B. Trend
B. Trend
✓IMPRECISION, INDETERMINATE, UNPREDICTABLE
A. Random Error
B. Systematic Error
A. Random Error
✓INACCURATE, DETERMINATE, PREDICTABLE
A. Random Error
B. Systematic Error
B. Systematic Error
How close measurement is to True Value
A. Accuracy
B. Precision
A. Accuracy
Note:
“ TAM” T-test, Accuracy, Mean
✓Reproducibility
✓How close results are when same sample is TESTED MULTIPLE TIMES
A. Accuracy
B. Precision
B. Precision
Note:
“SPF” Std. Deviation, Precision, F-test
✓ Range of values over which lab can verify accuracy of test system
✓ also known as LINEARITY
A. Reportable range
B. Reference Interval
A. Reportable range
✓ formerly called NORMAL VALUE
A. Reportable range
B. Reference Interval
B. Reference Interval
✓ same as Detection Limit
✓ lowest concentration of substance that can be detected by test method
✓ desirable in SCREENING TEST
A. Analytical Sensitivity
B. Analytical Specificity
A. Analytical Sensitivity
✓ ability of method to measure ONLY the analyte its supposed to measure
✓ desirable in CONFIRMATORY TEST
A. Analytical Sensitivity
B. Analytical Specificity
B. Analytical Specificity
Positive result in patient WHO HAS the DISEASE
A. True Positive (TP)
B. False Positive (FP)
C. True Negative (TN)
D. False Negative (FN)
A. True Positive (TP)
Positive result in patient WHO DOESN’T HAVE the DISEASE
A. True Positive (TP)
B. False Positive (FP)
C. True Negative (TN)
D. False Negative (FN)
B. False Positive (FP)
Negative result in patient who DOESN’T HAVE the disease
A. True Positive (TP)
B. False Positive (FP)
C. True Negative (TN)
D. False Negative (FN)
C. True Negative (TN)
Negative result in patient WHO DOES HAVE the DISEASE
A. True Positive (TP)
B. False Positive (FP)
C. True Negative (TN)
D. False Negative (FN)
D. False Negative (FN)
% of population WITH the disease that TEST POSITIVE
A. Diagnostic sensitivity
B. Diagnostic specificity
C. Positive predictive value (PPV)
D. Negative predictive value (NPV)
A. Diagnostic sensitivity
% of population WITHOUT the disease that test NEGATIVE
A. Diagnostic sensitivity
B. Diagnostic specificity
C. Positive predictive value (PPV)
D. Negative predictive value (NPV)
B. Diagnostic specificity
% of time that a positive result is correct
A. Diagnostic sensitivity
B. Diagnostic specificity
C. Positive predictive value (PPV)
D. Negative predictive value (NPV)
C. Positive predictive value (PPV)
% of time that a negative result is correct
A. Diagnostic sensitivity
B. Diagnostic specificity
C. Positive predictive value (PPV)
D. Negative predictive value (NPV)
D. Negative predictive value (NPV)
A test is defined as the proportion of cases with a specific disease or condition that give a Positive Test Result
A. Sensitivity
B. Specificity
C. Positive predictive value (PPV)
D. Negative predictive value (NPV)
A. Sensitivity
A test is defined as the proportion of cases with Absence of the specific disease or condition that gives a Negative Test Result
A. Sensitivity
B. Specificity
C. Positive predictive value (PPV)
D. Negative predictive value (NPV)
B. Specificity
A test that indicates the number of patients with an Abnormal test result who have the disease, compared with all patients with an abnormal result
A. Sensitivity
B. Specificity
C. Positive predictive value (PPV)
D. Negative predictive value (NPV)
C. Positive predictive value (PPV)
A test that indicates the number of patients with a normal test result who do not have the disease, compared with all patients with a normal (negative) result
A. Sensitivity
B. Specificity
C. Positive predictive value (PPV)
D. Negative predictive value (NPV)
D. Negative predictive value (NPV)
Constriction of blood vessels and reduction of plasma volume
A. From supine to sitting/standing
B. Sitting to Supine
C. Standing to Supine
D. Prolonged bed rest
A. From supine to sitting/standing
Shifting of water and electrolytes into tissue causing Hemoconcentration
A. From supine to sitting/standing
B. Sitting to Supine
C. Standing to Supine
D. Prolonged bed rest
B. Sitting to Supine
Transfer Extravascular water into Vascular system causing Hemodilution
A. From supine to sitting/standing
B. Sitting to Supine
C. Standing to Supine
D. Prolonged bed rest
C. Standing to Supine
Decreased Plasma Albumin due to fluid retention
A. From supine to sitting/standing
B. Sitting to Supine
C. Standing to Supine
D. Prolonged bed rest
D. Prolonged bed rest
Higher in PM
A. ACTH, CORTISOL, ALDOSTERONE, IRON
B. PTH, TSH, ACP, GROWTH HORMONE
B. PTH, ACP, TSH, GROWTH HORMONEHORMONE (“PTAG”)
Higher in AM
A. ACTH, CORTISOL, ALDOSTERONE, IRON
B. PTH, ACP, TSH, GROWTH HORMONE
A. ACTH, CORTISOL, ALDOSTERONE, IRON (“ACAI”)
Cortisol Peaks At:
A. 4-6 am (6-8am)
B. 8pm -12am (10-11pm)
A. 4-6 am (6-8am)
Cortisol Lowest At:
A. 4-6 am (6-8am)
B. 8pm -12am (10-11pm)
B. 8pm -12am (10-11pm)
Squeezing site of capillary puncture
A. Increased Na
B. Increased K
B. Increased K
Pumping fist during venipuncture:
Increased K, Lactic Acid, Ca, Phosphorus,
Decreased pH
Storage temperature:
Decreased at room temperature:
A. Glucose
B. LD4 and LD5
C. ALP
A. Glucose
Storage temperature:
Decreased at 4°C:
A. Glucose
B. LD4 and LD5
C. ALP
B. LD4 and LD5
Storage temperature:
Increased at 4°C
A. Glucose
B. LD4 and LD5
C. ALP
C. ALP
Evacuated tubes, increase temperature causes:
A. Decrease draw volume
B. Increase draw volume
A. Decrease draw volume
Evacuated tubes, Decreased temperature causes:
A. Decrease draw volume
B. Increase draw volume
B. Increase draw volume
Higher altitude lower ambient pressure:
A. Lower draw volume
B. Higher draw volume
A. Lower draw volume
FBS, Triglycerides, Lipid Panel, Gastrin, Insulin
A. Fasting
B. Chilling
C. Warming
D. protection from light
E. Chain of custody
A. Fasting
Note:
Nothing to eat or drink EXCEPT WATER for at least 8 hours
ACTH, acetone, ammonia,gastrin, glucagon, lactic acid, pyruvate, PTH, renin
A. Fasting
B. Chilling
C. Warming
D. protection from light
E. Chain of custody
B. Chilling (“3A, 2G, 2P,L, R)
Note:
Place in SLURRY OF CRUSHED ICE AND WATER;
DO NOT USE ice cubes alone because RBCs may lyse
Cold agglutinines, cryoglobulins
A. Fasting
B. Chilling
C. Warming
D. protection from light
E. Chain of custody
C. Warming
Note:
Use 37° c heat block, heel warmer, or hold in hand
Bilirubin, carotene, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, vitamin A, vitamin B12
A. Fasting
B. Chilling
C. Warming
D. protection from light
E. Chain of custody
D. Protection from light
Note:
Wrap in aluminum foil or amber bottle
Any test used as evidence in legal proceedings example: Blood Alcohol, Drug Screens, DNA analysis
A. Fasting
B. Chilling
C. Warming
D. protection from light
E. Chain of custody
E. Chain of custody
Note:
Documentation of every step from Patient Identification, Handling, Processing, Testing, and Reporting Results
Ideally all measurements should be performed within:
A. 30 mins to 1 hour after collection
B. 45 mins to 1 hour after collection
C. 30 mins to 2 hour after collection
D. 45 mins to 2 hour after collection
B. 45 mins to 1 hour after collection
Least stable in serum not separated from cloth within 30 minutes:
K, P, and Glucose
Unstable after 6 hours of not separating serum:
Albumin, bicarbonate, Cl, C-peptide, HDL-c, LDL-c, Iron, and Total Protein
Centrifuge requirement:
A. 900-1500g RCF for 10 mins.
B. 1000-1500g RCF for 10 mins.
C. 900-2000g RCF for 10 mins.
D. 1000-2000g RCF for 10 mins.
D. 1000-2000g RCF for 10 mins.
Note:
Insufficient centri may cause incomplete barrier formation of cell contamination of the specimen
Serum or plasma must be stored at:
If analysis is to be delayed for longer than 4 hours
A. 4°C to 5°C
B. 4°C to 6°C
C. 3°C to 5°C
D. 3°C to 6°C
B. 4°C to 6°C
Analytes affected with hemolysis:
“PM5LICCK”
Phosphorus
Magnesium
ACP
ALP
AST
ALT
Ammonia
LD2
IRON
CATECHOLAMINES
CK
K (POTASSIUM)
Lipemia, turbidity when serum triglyceride exceeds
A. 4.5 mmol/L
B. 4.6 mmol/L
C. 4.7 mmol/L
B. 4.6 mmol/L
> 400 mg/dl TG
A. Clear
B. Lactascent
C. Turbid / hazy
D. Milky or opaque
B. Lactascent
> 300 mg/dlTG
A. Clear
B. Lactascent
C. Turbid / hazy
D. Milky or opaque
C. Turbid / hazy
600 mg/dl TG
A. Clear
B. Lactascent
C. Turbid / hazy
D. Milky or opaque
D. Milky or opaque
200 mg/dl TG
A. Clear
B. Lactascent
C. Turbid / hazy
D. Milky or opaque
A. Clear
