Prologue Flashcards

0
Q

Plato

A

Student of Spcrates, teacher of Aristotle; derived principals by logic, concluded that mind is separable from body and continues after the body dies, knowledge is born within us

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1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes; describes and explains how we think, feel, and act

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2
Q

Socrates

A

Taught Plato; derived principals by logic, concluded that mind is separable from body and continues after the body dies, knowledge is born within us

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3
Q

Aristotle

A

Student of Plato; said that knowledge is not preexisting, it grows from experiences in our memories

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4
Q

Descartes

A

Agreed with Plato and Socrates; dissected animals and discovered nerve paths from muscles to the brain

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5
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Introduced the scientific method which implies drawing knowledge from the natural world through experimentation, observation, and testing a hypothesis; Fascinated by the human mind, it’s failings, and ability to perceive patterns

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6
Q

John Locke

A

Argues that the mind at birth is a blank slate on which experience writes

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7
Q

Empiricism

A

The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation

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8
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Instructor of Edward Tichener; conducted psychology’s first experiment by testing the response time to various activities, opened first laboratory

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9
Q

Structuralism

A

An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

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10
Q

Edward Titchener

A

Taught by Wunt; introduced and brought structuralism to the U.S. and opened the first U.S. laboratory at Cornell University (rose experiment)

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11
Q

Introspection

A

Looking inward, self-reflection

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12
Q

Functionalism

A

A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function (William James)

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13
Q

William James

A

Taught Mary Calkins; founded functionalism, encouraged explorations of down to earth emotions, memories, will power, habits, and moment to moment streams of consciousness

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14
Q

Mary Calkins

A

Student of William James; earned a Harvard Ph.D. but denied the degree; became a distinguished memory researcher and APA’s 1st female president

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15
Q

Margaret Floyd Washburn

A

Earned 1st female psychology Ph.D.; became the 2nd APA president

16
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

The branch of psychology that emphasizes the growth potential of healthy people

17
Q

Nature-Nurture Issue

A

Relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

18
Q

Natural Selection

A

Among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

19
Q

Levels of Analysis

A

Complementary outlooks of different systems

20
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

How the natural selection of traits promotes the continuation of one’s genes

21
Q

Behavior Genetics Perspective

A

An approach to psychology that studies observable behavior rather than hidden mental processes

22
Q

Neuroscience Perspective

A

How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

23
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

An approach to psychology that studies how human behavior is determined by hidden or unconscious motives and desires

24
Behavioral Perspective
An approach to psychology that studies observable behavior rather than hidden mental processes
25
Cognitive Perspective
An approach to psychology that studies how the mind organizes and makes sense of information and experiences; studies all aspects of thinking, including problem solving, decision making, memory, reasoning, and language
26
Social-Cultural Perspective
An approach to psychology that studies how social surroundings and culture shape thinking and behavior
27
Basic Research
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
28
Applied Research
Scientific study that sims to solve practical problems
29
Biological Psychologists
Exploring the links between brain and mind
30
Developmental Psychologists
Studying our changing abilities from womb to tomb
31
Cognitive Psychologists
Experimenting with how we perceive, think, and solve problems
32
Personality Psychologists
Investigating our persistent traits
33
Social Psychologists
Exploring how we view and affect one another
34
Counseling Psychology
A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being
35
Clinical Psychology
A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
36
Psychiatry
A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy