Chapter 8

Question 0

Associative Learning

Answer 0

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and it’s consequences (as in operant conditioning)

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience

Question 2

Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neural stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian or respondent learning.

Question 3

Behaviorism

Answer 3

The view that psychology (1) should be objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

Question 4

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 4

Russian psychologist, studied digestive system of dogs

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 5

(Produces a response without prior learning) In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response

Question 6

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 6

(Unlearned response that is automatically associated with the unconditioned stimulus) in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth

Question 7

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 7

Stimulus that does not elicit any response

Question 8

Conditioned Stimulis

Answer 8

(Previously the neutral stimulus that elicits the conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned response) in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 9

Conditioned Response

Answer 9

(Learned response to the conditioned stimulus) In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

Question 10

Acquisition

Answer 10

The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Question 12

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 12

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 13

Generalization

Answer 13

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Question 14

Discrimination

Answer 14

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Question 15

John Garcia

Answer 15

Challenged the idea that any associations can be learned equally well, researched the effects of radiation on laboratory animals

Question 16

Taste Aversion

Answer 16

Acquisition only takes one time because the response is so strong

Question 17

Operant Conditioning

Answer 17

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Question 18

Respondent Behavior

Answer 18

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to stimulus; Skinner’s term for behavior learned through classical conditioning

Question 19

Operant Behavior

Answer 19

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Question 20

B.F. Skinner

Answer 20

Modern behaviorism’s most influential and controversial figure, developed “behavior technology” that revealed principles of behavior control (operant chamber)

Question 21

Edward L. Thorndike

Answer 21

Invented law of effect

Question 22

Law of Effect

Answer 22

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Question 23

Operant Chamber

Answer 23

A chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research

Question 24

Shaping

Answer 24

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior