Chapter 8 - Part 2 Flashcards
Positive Reinforcement
(Add something positive) increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
Successive Approximation
Reward responses that are ever-closer to the final desired behavior, and ignore all other responses – rat pressing bar example
Negative Reinforcement
(Take away something negative) increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (NOT punishment)
Primary Reinforcers
An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Conditioned (secondary) Reinforcers
A stimulus that gains it’s reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer
Positive Punishment
Add something negative
Negative Punishment
Take away something positive
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
Fixed-Ratio Schedules
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
Variable-Ratio Schedules
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Fixed-Interval Schedules
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Variable-Interval Schedules
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Punishment
An event that decreases the behavior that it follows
Latent Learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Cognitive Map
A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
Intrinsic Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
Extrinsic Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
Observational Learning
Learning by observing others
Modeling
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Mirror Neurons
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions of when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy
Albert Bandura
Conducted Bobo doll experiment, observational learning
Prosocial Behavior
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior, the opposite of antisocial behavior
