Chapter 10

Question 0

Concepts

Answer 0

Mental grouping of similar objects, ventral ideas, or people

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing,remembering, and communicating

Question 2

Prototypes

Answer 2

A mental image or best example of a category

Question 3

Algorithm

Answer 3

Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution

Question 4

Heuristic

Answer 4

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms (mental shortcuts)

Question 5

Insight

Answer 5

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem (all of a sudden the answer comes to you), provides a sense of satisfaction

Question 6

Confirmation Bias

Answer 6

A tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions (women better drivers example)

Question 7

Fixation

Answer 7

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving [once you were stuck on the matchsticks being two-dimensional, it was hard to view them as three-dimensional]

Question 8

Mental Set

Answer 8

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Question 9

Functional Fixedness

Answer 9

Inability to solve a problem because it is viewed only in terms of usual function (activity)

Question 10

Representative Heuristic

Answer 10

Judging the likelihood of hints in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information

Question 11

Availability Heuristic

Answer 11

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

Question 12

Overconfidence

Answer 12

The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgements

Question 13

Framing

Answer 13

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements (10% die, 90% live example)

Question 14

Belief Bias

Answer 14

The tendency for ones preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid

Question 15

Belief Perseverance

Answer 15

Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Question 16

Language

Answer 16

Spoken, written, or signed words that we combine to communicate meaning to ourselves and others

Question 17

Phoneme

Answer 17

The smallest distinctive sound unit —> bat = b, a, and t

Question 18

Morpheme

Answer 18

The smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix)

Question 19

Grammar

Answer 19

A system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others

Question 20

Semantics

Answer 20

The set of rules by which we derive meaning in a given language; also, the study of meaning (adding -ed means in the past)

Question 21

Syntax

Answer 21

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language (English, adjectives before nouns)

Question 22

Babbling Stage

Answer 22

Beginning at 4 months, the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Question 23

One-Word Stage

Answer 23

The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Question 24

Two-Word Stage

Answer 24

Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements

Question 25

Telegraphic Speech

Answer 25

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - “go car” using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words

Question 26

Noam Chomsky

Answer 26

One of the most famous linguists of all times, he believed that language will naturally occur, given adequate nurture

Question 27

Linguistic Determinism

Answer 27

Benjamin Lee Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think