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AP Psychology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

0
Q

Biological Rhythms

A

Periodic psychological fluctuations

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

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2
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle (for example: of temperature and wakefulness)

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3
Q

REM Sleep

A

Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other bodily systems are active

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4
Q

Alpha Waves

A

Relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

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5
Q

Sleep

A

Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

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6
Q

Hallucinations

A

False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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7
Q

Delta Waves

A

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

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8
Q

Insomnia

A

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

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9
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

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10
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

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11
Q

Night Terrors

A

A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within 2-3 hours of falling asleep, and seldom remembered

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12
Q

Dream

A

A sequence of images, emotions, and brought passing through a sleeping persons mind, notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuity, incongruities, and dreamers delusional acceptance of the content and difficulties remembering it

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13
Q

Freud’s Wish-Fulfillment

A

Dreams provide a “psychic safely valve” - expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest (remembered) content and a deeper layer of latent content - a hidden meaning

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14
Q

Manifest Content

A

According to Freud, the remembered storyline of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden content)

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15
Q

Latent Content

A

According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dreams latent content functions as a safety valve

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16
Q

REM Rebound

A

The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

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17
Q

Hypnosis

A

A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

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18
Q

Posthypnotic Suggestion

A

A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

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19
Q

Dissociation (Divided-Consciousness Theory)

A

A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others (Hilgard)

20
Q

Psychoactive Drug

A

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood

21
Q

Tolerance

A

The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drugs effect

22
Q

Withdrawal

A

The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an active drug

23
Q

Physical Dependence

A

A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

24
Q

Psychological Dependence

A

A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

25
Q

Addiction

A

Compulsive drug craving and use

26
Q

Depressants

A

Drugs (such as alcohol, barbituates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

27
Q

Barbiturates

A

Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but imparting memory and judgement

28
Q

Opiates

A

Opium and it’s derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

29
Q

Stimulants

A

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, caffeine and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

30
Q

Amphetamines

A

Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

31
Q

Methamphetamines

A

A powerfully addictive drug that stimulated the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

32
Q

Ecstasy ( MDMA)

A

A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and long-term harm to Seratonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition

33
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the pce of pp inputtingp

34
Q

LSD

A

A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (laserdisc acid diethlyamide)

35
Q

THC

A

The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

36
Q

Near-Death Experience

A

An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug induced hallucinations

37
Q

Dualism

A

The presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact

38
Q

Monism

A

The presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing

39
Q

Earnest Hilgard

A

Viewed hypnotic dissociation as a vivid form of everyday mind splits. Believed that hypnosis involved not only social influence but also a special state of dissociated (divided) consciousness

40
Q

Anton Mesmer

A

Credit for modern popularity of hypnosis goes to Anton Mesmer. He thought he had discovered an “animal magnetism”. He would pass magnets over the bodies or ailing people, some of whom would lapse into a trancelike (mesmerized) state, then awaken much improved

41
Q

Information Processing

A

Dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories

41
Q

Psychological Function

A

Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may develop and preserve neural pathways

42
Q

Activation- Synthesis

A

REM sleep triggers impulses that evoke random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

43
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Dream content reflects dreamers’ cognitive development - their knowledge and understanding

44
Q

Non-REM Sleep

A

Stage 1-4 dreamless sleep

45
Q

Social Influence Theory

A

Hypnotic phenomenon are not unique to hypnosis (Theodore Barber)

46
Q

Theodore Barber

A

Social influence theory hypnotist, ideas became subject thoughts (social influence theory)

47
Q

Age Regression

A

Hypnotized to re-live ones past

AP Psychology (22 decks)

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