Chapter 7

Question 0

Biological Rhythms

Answer 0

Periodic psychological fluctuations

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Question 2

Circadian Rhythm

Answer 2

The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle (for example: of temperature and wakefulness)

Question 3

REM Sleep

Answer 3

Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other bodily systems are active

Question 4

Alpha Waves

Answer 4

Relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

Question 5

Sleep

Answer 5

Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

Question 6

Hallucinations

Answer 6

False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Question 7

Delta Waves

Answer 7

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

Question 8

Insomnia

Answer 8

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

Question 9

Narcolepsy

Answer 9

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

Question 10

Sleep Apnea

Answer 10

A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

Question 11

Night Terrors

Answer 11

A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within 2-3 hours of falling asleep, and seldom remembered

Question 12

Dream

Answer 12

A sequence of images, emotions, and brought passing through a sleeping persons mind, notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuity, incongruities, and dreamers delusional acceptance of the content and difficulties remembering it

Question 13

Freud’s Wish-Fulfillment

Answer 13

Dreams provide a “psychic safely valve” - expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest (remembered) content and a deeper layer of latent content - a hidden meaning

Question 14

Manifest Content

Answer 14

According to Freud, the remembered storyline of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden content)

Question 15

Latent Content

Answer 15

According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dreams latent content functions as a safety valve

Question 16

REM Rebound

Answer 16

The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

Question 17

Hypnosis

Answer 17

A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Question 18

Posthypnotic Suggestion

Answer 18

A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

Question 19

Dissociation (Divided-Consciousness Theory)

Answer 19

A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others (Hilgard)

Question 20

Psychoactive Drug

Answer 20

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood

Question 21

Tolerance

Answer 21

The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drugs effect

Question 22

Withdrawal

Answer 22

The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an active drug

Question 23

Physical Dependence

Answer 23

A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

Question 24

Psychological Dependence

Answer 24

A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

Question 25

Addiction

Answer 25

Compulsive drug craving and use

Question 26

Depressants

Answer 26

Drugs (such as alcohol, barbituates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Question 27

Barbiturates

Answer 27

Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but imparting memory and judgement

Question 28

Opiates

Answer 28

Opium and it's derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Question 29

Stimulants

Answer 29

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, caffeine and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

Question 30

Amphetamines

Answer 30

Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Question 31

Methamphetamines

Answer 31

A powerfully addictive drug that stimulated the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

Question 32

Ecstasy ( MDMA)

Answer 32

A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and long-term harm to Seratonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition

Question 33

Hallucinogens

Answer 33

Psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the pce of pp inputtingp

Question 34

LSD

Answer 34

A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (laserdisc acid diethlyamide)

Question 35

THC

Answer 35

The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

Question 36

Near-Death Experience

Answer 36

An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug induced hallucinations

Question 37

Dualism

Answer 37

The presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact

Question 38

Monism

Answer 38

The presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing

Question 39

Earnest Hilgard

Answer 39

Viewed hypnotic dissociation as a vivid form of everyday mind splits. Believed that hypnosis involved not only social influence but also a special state of dissociated (divided) consciousness

Question 40

Anton Mesmer

Answer 40

Credit for modern popularity of hypnosis goes to Anton Mesmer. He thought he had discovered an "animal magnetism". He would pass magnets over the bodies or ailing people, some of whom would lapse into a trancelike (mesmerized) state, then awaken much improved

Question 41

Information Processing

Answer 41

Dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories

Question 41

Psychological Function

Answer 41

Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may develop and preserve neural pathways

Question 42

Activation- Synthesis

Answer 42

REM sleep triggers impulses that evoke random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

Question 43

Cognitive Development

Answer 43

Dream content reflects dreamers' cognitive development - their knowledge and understanding

Question 44

Non-REM Sleep

Answer 44

Stage 1-4 dreamless sleep

Question 45

Social Influence Theory

Answer 45

Hypnotic phenomenon are not unique to hypnosis (Theodore Barber)

Question 46

Theodore Barber

Answer 46

Social influence theory hypnotist, ideas became subject thoughts (social influence theory)

Question 47

Age Regression

Answer 47

Hypnotized to re-live ones past