Chapter 4 - Part 2 Flashcards
Imprinting
The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
Critical Period
An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
Basic Trust
According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
Self-Concept
A sense of one’s identity and personal worth
Authoritarian Parents
Parents impose rules and expect obedience: “don’t interrupt.” “Do keep your room clean.” “Don’t stay out too late or you’ll be grounded.” “Why? Because I said so.”
Permissive Parents
Parents submit to their children’s desires, make few demands, and use little punishment
Authoritative Parents
Parents are both demanding and responsive. They exert control and not only by setting rules and enforcing them but also by explaining the reasons, and especially with older children, encouraging open discussion and allowing exceptions with making the rules
Adolescence
The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
Puberty
The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
Primary Sex Traits
Body structure that enable reproduction (menarche, spermarche, overies, testes, and external genetalia)
Secondary Sex Traits
Non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
Lawrence Kohlberg
Described the development of moral reasoning, the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong. His research led him to believe that as we develop intellectually, we pass through three basic levels of morality
Preconventional Morality
During this stage of character development, children obey either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards (before age 9)
Conventional Morality
By this stage of character development, children uphold laws and social rules simply because they are the laws and rules (by early adolescence)
Postconventional Morality
By young adulthood, (around 15-16) people begin to affirm their own agreed-upon rights or follow what one personally perceives as basic ethical principles
Menarche
The first menstrual period
Erik Erikson
Created an 8-stage theory that helped explain development from birth to death - psychosocial development
Identity
One’s sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
Intimacy
In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
Menopause
The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
Alzheimer’s Disease
A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, physical functioning
Cross-Sectional Study
A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
Longitudinal Study
Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
Crystallized Intelligence
Accumulated knowledge and skills; one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
Fluid Intelligence
Ability to reason speedily; one’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
Social Clock
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
