Chapter 4 - Part 2

Question 0

Imprinting

Answer 0

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

Question 1

Critical Period

Answer 1

An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Question 2

Basic Trust

Answer 2

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

Question 3

Self-Concept

Answer 3

A sense of one’s identity and personal worth

Question 4

Authoritarian Parents

Answer 4

Parents impose rules and expect obedience: “don’t interrupt.” “Do keep your room clean.” “Don’t stay out too late or you’ll be grounded.” “Why? Because I said so.”

Question 5

Permissive Parents

Answer 5

Parents submit to their children’s desires, make few demands, and use little punishment

Question 6

Authoritative Parents

Answer 6

Parents are both demanding and responsive. They exert control and not only by setting rules and enforcing them but also by explaining the reasons, and especially with older children, encouraging open discussion and allowing exceptions with making the rules

Question 7

Adolescence

Answer 7

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Question 8

Puberty

Answer 8

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

Question 9

Primary Sex Traits

Answer 9

Body structure that enable reproduction (menarche, spermarche, overies, testes, and external genetalia)

Question 10

Secondary Sex Traits

Answer 10

Non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

Question 11

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 11

Described the development of moral reasoning, the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong. His research led him to believe that as we develop intellectually, we pass through three basic levels of morality

Question 12

Preconventional Morality

Answer 12

During this stage of character development, children obey either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards (before age 9)

Question 13

Conventional Morality

Answer 13

By this stage of character development, children uphold laws and social rules simply because they are the laws and rules (by early adolescence)

Question 14

Postconventional Morality

Answer 14

By young adulthood, (around 15-16) people begin to affirm their own agreed-upon rights or follow what one personally perceives as basic ethical principles

Question 15

Menarche

Answer 15

The first menstrual period

Question 16

Erik Erikson

Answer 16

Created an 8-stage theory that helped explain development from birth to death - psychosocial development

Question 17

Identity

Answer 17

One’s sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

Question 18

Intimacy

Answer 18

In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

Question 19

Menopause

Answer 19

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

Question 20

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 20

A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, physical functioning

Question 21

Cross-Sectional Study

Answer 21

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Question 22

Longitudinal Study

Answer 22

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Question 23

Crystallized Intelligence

Answer 23

Accumulated knowledge and skills; one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Question 24

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 24

Ability to reason speedily; one’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Question 25

Social Clock

Answer 25

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement