Problem Solving & Intelligence Flashcards
Cognition
The mental activities associated w thinking , knowing , remembering , & communicating
Concept
Mental groupings of similar objects , events , ideas , or Ppl
Grouped all memories & experience into one chair
Prototype
A mental image of best example of each concept we have developed
Convergent thinking
IQ tests measure a single correct answer
Divergent thinking
Creativity tests measure multiple answers
Five components of creativity
Expertise : knowing things A venturesome personality : not following a crowd Instrisic : it's own sake Creative environment Imaginative thinking
Overconfidence
Occurs when we over estimate our knowledge & abilities
Mental set
Our tendency to try to solve a problem in a manner that has worked in the past
Confirmation bias
The tendency to seek out evidence that confirms our findings more eagerly than seeking evidence that refutes our findings
Belief perseverance
Holding in one line of thinking despite over whelming evidence to the contrary ( imagine evidence as opposite )
Framing
The way in which something is presented can affect our decisions & judgements
Surveys easily illustrate framing
Creativity
The ability to produce novel & valuable ideas
Algorithm
A methodical , step by step , logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a problem
Heuristic
A simple , thinking strategy tht often allows us to make judgements & solve problems by adding common sense
QUICKER
Insight
A sudden & often novel realization of the solution to a problem
Intuition
An effortless , immediate , automatic feeling or thought , as a contrasted w explicit conscious reasoning
Trial & error
Trying until something works
Fixation
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective
Functional fixedness
He tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
McGyer did not have this
Representative heuristics
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes
OFTEN LEADS TO FALSE CONCLUSIONS
Availability heuristic
Making our judgements by estimating the likelihood of events based on their availibitu in memory
Language
Spoken , written , or signed words & the ways we combine them to communicate
Phoneme
The smallest distinctive of sound unit
Morpheme
The smallest unit that carries meaning
Grammar
A system of rules that enables us to communicate w & understandbotherw
Babbling stage
Beginning at bout four months , the stage of speech dev in which the infant utters various sounds
One word stage
From one to two , during which a child speaks mostly in single words
Two word stage
Bout two , the stage in speech dev during which a child speaks mostly in two word statements
Telegraphic speech
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram … using nouns & verbs
Aphasia
Impairment of language , usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to bro a area or wernicke
Linguistic determinism
Shorts hypothesis that language determines the way we think
Damage to what lobe affects convergent ?
Left parietal lobe
Injury to what areas can affect reading , writing , & imagination ?
Frontal lobes
Mental functions
Speaking
Perceiving
Thinking
Remembering
Three problem solving strategies
Trial & error
Step by step
No problem strategy
Three building blocks of spoken language
Phonemes
Morphemes
Grammar
Noam Chomskys theory on how we acquire language
Humans are born w a built in predisposition to learn grammar rules
Noam Chomsky
Nature
We’re born w a language acquisition device
Language conclusion
Language is a result of biology & experience combined
B f skinner
Nurture , we learn through experience
Children repeat sounds rewarded
Motherese
People talk to babies w varied pitch & intonation
Does language indicate intelligence ?
Language isn’t only bout communication
Allowed accumulation & transmission of knowledge & culture
We know things we don’t have to experience
What kind of intelligence is assessed by traditional intelligence tests
Analytical
Expertise
Expert skill
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for one sake
Imagination
Forming ideas
Venturesome
Willing to take risks
Ben worf view on language influences thinking
The more words you have for a concept , the more you recognize it
How does WAIS test assess intelligence
Measure similarities , vocabulary , block design , letters
Requires verbal & performance
Can a test be reliable yet not valid
All yet questions can relate to each other but not actually be a test of what was needed
It cannot be valid & not reliable
Do intelligence test biased or discriminate
They can be biased of culture experiences but they’re don’t discriminate
