Molecule 9,10,11,12,13,14,15 Flashcards
Biological psychology
Scientific study of the links between biological & psychological processes
Neurons
Nerve cell
The basic building block of the nervous system
Receive , carry , pass
Dendrites
A neuron branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses towards the soma
Axon
The neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons
Myelin sheath
A fatty tissue layer ; encasing the axons of some neurons ; enables vastly greater transmission of speed as neural impulses hop
Action potential
A neural impulse ; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
Threshold
The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
All or none response
A neurons reaction of either firing or not firing
Synapse
The junction between the axon Tio of the sending neuron & the dendrite of cell body of the receiving neuron
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals contained in the terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate
Release into synapse along dendrites to the next neuron
Reup take
A neurotransmitter re absorption by the sending neuron
Endorphins
Natural opiates life neurotransmitters linked to pain control & positive emotions
Inhibitory
Agonist
A molecule that by binding to a rector site , stimulates a response
Antagonist
A molecule that by binding to a receptor sits , inhibits or blocks a response
Nervous system
The body’s speedy communication network consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral & central nervous system
Central nervous system
The Brian & spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
The sensory & motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Nerves
Bundled axon that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system w muscles , glands , & sense organs
Sensory neurons
Neurons that carry incoming info from the sensory receptors to the brain & spinal cord
Motor neurons
Neurons that carry outgoing info from the brain & spinal cord to the muscles & glands
Interneurons
Neurons within the brain & spinal cord that communicate internally & intervene between the sensory inputs
Somatic nervous system
The division to the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs
Sympathetic - arouses
Parasympathetic - calms
Sympathetic nervous system
The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, monolingual its energy in stressful situations
Parasympathetic nervous system
The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body ; conserving energy
Reflex
A simple automatic response to a sensory stimulus
Endocrine system
The body slow chemical communication system ; a set of glands that secrets hormones into the bloodstream
Hormones
Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands Ravel through the bloodstream & affect other tissues
Adrenal glands
A spur of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys & secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress
Pituitary gland
The endocrine system most influential gland under the influence of the hypothalamus ; the pituitary regulates growth & controls glands
Lesion
Tiny clusters of brain cells ; leaving the surrounding tissue unharmed
Brain stem
Oldest part & central core of the brain ; beginning where the spiral cord swells as it enters the skull ; responsible for automatic survival factors
Medulla
The base of the brain stem ; controls heart beat & breathing
Thalamus
The brain sensory control center ; located on top of the brain stem ; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in cortex & transmits to replies to the cerebellum & medulla
Reticular formation
A nerve network that travels through the brain stem & thalamus & plays an important role in controlling arousal
Cerebellum
The little brain at the rear of brain stem ; functions include processing sensory input , coordinating movement & balance & enabling non verbal learning & memory
Amygdala
Two Lima bean sized neural clusters in limbus system ; linked to emotion
Hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus , it directs several maintenance activities , help govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland & is lined to emotion , reward , & eating
Corpus Callosum
Axon divers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
Pons
Helps w wake & sleep cycles
Spinal cord
Pathway for neural divers traveling to & from brain ; controls simple reflexes
Cerebral cortex
Ultimate control & info processing center
Glial cells
Cells in nervous system that support , nourish & protect neurosurgery; they may also play a role in learning & thinking
Frontal lobes
Portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead
Involved in speaking & muscles movements in making plans & judgements
Parietal lobes
Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at top of the head & toward the rear ; revives sensory input for touch & body position
Occipital lobes
Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of head ; includes areas that receive info from the visual fields
Temporal lobes
Portion of the cerebral cortex lying above ears
Includes auditory areas & receiving info from opposite ear
Motor cortex
An area at the rear of frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
Somatosensory cortex
Area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers & process body touch & movement sensations
Association areas
Areas of cerebral cortex that are not involved primary motor or sensible functions ; learning , remembering , thinking & speaking
Plasticity
Brain ability to change especially during childhood by recognizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
Neurogenesis
Formation of new neurons
Split brain
A condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them
Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves & our environment
Cognitive neuroscience
Interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked w cognition
Dual processing
Principle that info is often simultaneously processes in separate conscious & unconscious tracks
Neuroanatomy
Refers to the study of the parts & functions of neurons
Soma
Contains the nucleus & other parts of the cell needed to sustain life
Schwann cells
Provide for the growth of the myelin sheath
Nodes of ranvier
Spaces of gaps in the myelin sheath around an axon
Terminal buttons
The end of the axon that contain neurotransmitters
Phrenology
The study of bumps on skull
Pancreas
Controls how the body uses glucose or sugar
Thyroid
It regulates growth & metabolism
Parathyroid
These glands regulate the amount of calcium in your blood
Pineal gland
It produces melatonin, which regulars when we sleep & wake
Thymus
It helps the body recognize & reject germs
A chemical that is secreted by an endocrine gland & carried in the blood to target organs
Hormones
Example of fast acting hormone
Adrenaline
Endocrine gland within the brain is the
Pituitary gland
Control of blood sugar levels is by
Insulin & glucagon
Regulation of male sexual characteristic is by
Testosterone
If a persons thyroid gland was surgically removed , the effect on the body would be
Reduction in metabolism & some weight gain
This links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Who proposed phrenology
Franz Gall
The idea that various brain regions have particular functions
Localization of function
What are the three components grow as myelin sheath is laid down ?
Neural efficiency
Judgment
Self control
Multiple sclerosis
Communication to muscles slow w eventual loss of muscle control
Multiple sclerosis is the result of degeneration in the …..
Myelin sheath
Ions
Electrically charged atoms
A resting pause after a neuron has fired
Refractory period
What does a neuron do during a refractory period ?
Pumps the positively sodium ions back outside
What did Sherrington discover ?
Synapses
A strong stimulus can increase the
Intensity of the impulse the neuron fires
Correct sequence in the transmission of a simple reflex
Sensory neuron , interneuron , motor neuron
Heart beat , digestion & bodily functions
Sympathetic division
What do neurotransmitters cross to send info
Synaptic gap
Oxytocin
A hormone released by pituitary that stimulates contractions during birth
Feedback system
Brain Pituitary Other glands Hormones Body & brain
Three types of neurons
Sensory
Motor
Interneurons
What kind of neuron carries the info necessary to activate withdrawal of the hand from a hot object
Sensory
Which may explain an unusually tall height for a 12 year old
Pituitary
What communicates w the pituitary which turns controls the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
Limbic system
Associate w emotions
Food & sex
Electroencephalogram ( EEG )
Waves sweeping of the brain surface
Measured by electrodes
Computed tomography
Series of x rays take from different angles , demonstration of the brain
Positron emission tomography
Visual display of brain active that detects where a radioactive form of glucose
Magnetic resonance imaging
Uses magnetic fields & radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissues
The part of brain that triggers the release of adrenaline
Medulla
Gymnast falls but keeps practicing
Cerebellum
Brain train hub bc it directs incoming sensory messages
Thalamus
Regulates thirst
Hypothalamus
Lobe that plans the future
Frontal lobe
Lobe allowed to activate proper muscles
Frontal lobe
Difference between human & other brains
Association areas
Cognitive neural prosthetics are placed in the brain to help control parts of the
Motor cortex
Genome
The complete instructions for making an organism
Describes genetic mutation
Random errors in gene replication
Hind brain
Oldest part of the brain
Functions are done w conscious effect
The mid brain
Located between the hind brain & the fore brain
Responsible for behaviors w hearing & sight
Limbic system is made up of
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Broca area
Left frontal area
Controls language , expression , & speech
Wernikes area
Left temporal lobe
Understands both written & spoken language
Which produces aggression
Amagdala
Females & males both have
Estrogens & testosterone
Testes have
Androgens
Pituitary gland helps w the flow of
Human growth hormones
Efferents
Send messages from the brain to bones & muscles
Afferent is
Sensory
Reflex arc
Automatic response that requires no brain messages
Decision made at interneurons in the spinal cord
Gial cells also
Clean up
Stay focus
Reticular formation
Depolarization
The mix of positive & negative ions
Threshold being met or exceeded
An action potential being created
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of which ?
Dopamine
