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AP Psych > Molecule 9,10,11,12,13,14,15 > Flashcards

Molecule 9,10,11,12,13,14,15 Flashcards

1
Q

Biological psychology

A

Scientific study of the links between biological & psychological processes

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2
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cell
The basic building block of the nervous system

Receive , carry , pass

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

A neuron branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses towards the soma

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4
Q

Axon

A

The neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons

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5
Q

Myelin sheath

A

A fatty tissue layer ; encasing the axons of some neurons ; enables vastly greater transmission of speed as neural impulses hop

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6
Q

Action potential

A

A neural impulse ; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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7
Q

Threshold

A

The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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8
Q

All or none response

A

A neurons reaction of either firing or not firing

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9
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between the axon Tio of the sending neuron & the dendrite of cell body of the receiving neuron

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10
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals contained in the terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate

Release into synapse along dendrites to the next neuron

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11
Q

Reup take

A

A neurotransmitter re absorption by the sending neuron

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12
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural opiates life neurotransmitters linked to pain control & positive emotions

Inhibitory

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13
Q

Agonist

A

A molecule that by binding to a rector site , stimulates a response

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14
Q

Antagonist

A

A molecule that by binding to a receptor sits , inhibits or blocks a response

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15
Q

Nervous system

A

The body’s speedy communication network consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral & central nervous system

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16
Q

Central nervous system

A

The Brian & spinal cord

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17
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

The sensory & motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

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18
Q

Nerves

A

Bundled axon that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system w muscles , glands , & sense organs

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19
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Neurons that carry incoming info from the sensory receptors to the brain & spinal cord

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20
Q

Motor neurons

A

Neurons that carry outgoing info from the brain & spinal cord to the muscles & glands

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21
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons within the brain & spinal cord that communicate internally & intervene between the sensory inputs

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22
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

The division to the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles

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23
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs
Sympathetic - arouses
Parasympathetic - calms

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24
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, monolingual its energy in stressful situations

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25
Parasympathetic nervous system
The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body ; conserving energy
26
Reflex
A simple automatic response to a sensory stimulus
27
Endocrine system
The body slow chemical communication system ; a set of glands that secrets hormones into the bloodstream
28
Hormones
Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands Ravel through the bloodstream & affect other tissues
29
Adrenal glands
A spur of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys & secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress
30
Pituitary gland
The endocrine system most influential gland under the influence of the hypothalamus ; the pituitary regulates growth & controls glands
31
Lesion
Tiny clusters of brain cells ; leaving the surrounding tissue unharmed
32
Brain stem
Oldest part & central core of the brain ; beginning where the spiral cord swells as it enters the skull ; responsible for automatic survival factors
33
Medulla
The base of the brain stem ; controls heart beat & breathing
34
Thalamus
The brain sensory control center ; located on top of the brain stem ; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in cortex & transmits to replies to the cerebellum & medulla
35
Reticular formation
A nerve network that travels through the brain stem & thalamus & plays an important role in controlling arousal
36
Cerebellum
The little brain at the rear of brain stem ; functions include processing sensory input , coordinating movement & balance & enabling non verbal learning & memory
37
Amygdala
Two Lima bean sized neural clusters in limbus system ; linked to emotion
38
Hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus , it directs several maintenance activities , help govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland & is lined to emotion , reward , & eating
39
Corpus Callosum
Axon divers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
40
Pons
Helps w wake & sleep cycles
41
Spinal cord
Pathway for neural divers traveling to & from brain ; controls simple reflexes
42
Cerebral cortex
Ultimate control & info processing center
43
Glial cells
Cells in nervous system that support , nourish & protect neurosurgery; they may also play a role in learning & thinking
44
Frontal lobes
Portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead Involved in speaking & muscles movements in making plans & judgements
45
Parietal lobes
Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at top of the head & toward the rear ; revives sensory input for touch & body position
46
Occipital lobes
Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of head ; includes areas that receive info from the visual fields
47
Temporal lobes
Portion of the cerebral cortex lying above ears Includes auditory areas & receiving info from opposite ear
48
Motor cortex
An area at the rear of frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
49
Somatosensory cortex
Area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers & process body touch & movement sensations
50
Association areas
Areas of cerebral cortex that are not involved primary motor or sensible functions ; learning , remembering , thinking & speaking
51
Plasticity
Brain ability to change especially during childhood by recognizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
52
Neurogenesis
Formation of new neurons
53
Split brain
A condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them
54
Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves & our environment
55
Cognitive neuroscience
Interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked w cognition
56
Dual processing
Principle that info is often simultaneously processes in separate conscious & unconscious tracks
57
Neuroanatomy
Refers to the study of the parts & functions of neurons
58
Soma
Contains the nucleus & other parts of the cell needed to sustain life
59
Schwann cells
Provide for the growth of the myelin sheath
60
Nodes of ranvier
Spaces of gaps in the myelin sheath around an axon
61
Terminal buttons
The end of the axon that contain neurotransmitters
62
Phrenology
The study of bumps on skull
63
Pancreas
Controls how the body uses glucose or sugar
64
Thyroid
It regulates growth & metabolism
65
Parathyroid
These glands regulate the amount of calcium in your blood
66
Pineal gland
It produces melatonin, which regulars when we sleep & wake
67
Thymus
It helps the body recognize & reject germs
68
A chemical that is secreted by an endocrine gland & carried in the blood to target organs
Hormones
69
Example of fast acting hormone
Adrenaline
70
Endocrine gland within the brain is the
Pituitary gland
71
Control of blood sugar levels is by
Insulin & glucagon
72
Regulation of male sexual characteristic is by
Testosterone
73
If a persons thyroid gland was surgically removed , the effect on the body would be
Reduction in metabolism & some weight gain
74
This links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
75
Who proposed phrenology
Franz Gall
76
The idea that various brain regions have particular functions
Localization of function
77
What are the three components grow as myelin sheath is laid down ?
Neural efficiency Judgment Self control
78
Multiple sclerosis
Communication to muscles slow w eventual loss of muscle control
79
Multiple sclerosis is the result of degeneration in the .....
Myelin sheath
80
Ions
Electrically charged atoms
81
A resting pause after a neuron has fired
Refractory period
82
What does a neuron do during a refractory period ?
Pumps the positively sodium ions back outside
83
What did Sherrington discover ?
Synapses
84
A strong stimulus can increase the
Intensity of the impulse the neuron fires
85
Correct sequence in the transmission of a simple reflex
Sensory neuron , interneuron , motor neuron
86
Heart beat , digestion & bodily functions
Sympathetic division
87
What do neurotransmitters cross to send info
Synaptic gap
88
Oxytocin
A hormone released by pituitary that stimulates contractions during birth
89
Feedback system
``` Brain Pituitary Other glands Hormones Body & brain ```
90
Three types of neurons
Sensory Motor Interneurons
91
What kind of neuron carries the info necessary to activate withdrawal of the hand from a hot object
Sensory
92
Which may explain an unusually tall height for a 12 year old
Pituitary
93
What communicates w the pituitary which turns controls the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
94
Limbic system
Associate w emotions | Food & sex
95
Electroencephalogram ( EEG )
Waves sweeping of the brain surface | Measured by electrodes
96
Computed tomography
Series of x rays take from different angles , demonstration of the brain
97
Positron emission tomography
Visual display of brain active that detects where a radioactive form of glucose
98
Magnetic resonance imaging
Uses magnetic fields & radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissues
99
The part of brain that triggers the release of adrenaline
Medulla
100
Gymnast falls but keeps practicing
Cerebellum
101
Brain train hub bc it directs incoming sensory messages
Thalamus
102
Regulates thirst
Hypothalamus
103
Lobe that plans the future
Frontal lobe
104
Lobe allowed to activate proper muscles
Frontal lobe
105
Difference between human & other brains
Association areas
106
Cognitive neural prosthetics are placed in the brain to help control parts of the
Motor cortex
107
Genome
The complete instructions for making an organism
108
Describes genetic mutation
Random errors in gene replication
109
Hind brain
Oldest part of the brain | Functions are done w conscious effect
110
The mid brain
Located between the hind brain & the fore brain | Responsible for behaviors w hearing & sight
111
Limbic system is made up of
Thalamus Hypothalamus Hippocampus Amygdala
112
Broca area
Left frontal area | Controls language , expression , & speech
113
Wernikes area
Left temporal lobe | Understands both written & spoken language
114
Which produces aggression
Amagdala
115
Females & males both have
Estrogens & testosterone
116
Testes have
Androgens
117
Pituitary gland helps w the flow of
Human growth hormones
118
Efferents
Send messages from the brain to bones & muscles
119
Afferent is
Sensory
120
Reflex arc
Automatic response that requires no brain messages | Decision made at interneurons in the spinal cord
121
Gial cells also
Clean up
122
Stay focus
Reticular formation
123
Depolarization
The mix of positive & negative ions Threshold being met or exceeded An action potential being created
124
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of which ?
Dopamine

AP Psych (17 decks)

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