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AP Psych > Molecule 9,10,11,12,13,14,15 > Flashcards

Molecule 9,10,11,12,13,14,15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological psychology

A

Scientific study of the links between biological & psychological processes

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2
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cell
The basic building block of the nervous system

Receive , carry , pass

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

A neuron branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses towards the soma

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4
Q

Axon

A

The neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons

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5
Q

Myelin sheath

A

A fatty tissue layer ; encasing the axons of some neurons ; enables vastly greater transmission of speed as neural impulses hop

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6
Q

Action potential

A

A neural impulse ; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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7
Q

Threshold

A

The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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8
Q

All or none response

A

A neurons reaction of either firing or not firing

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9
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between the axon Tio of the sending neuron & the dendrite of cell body of the receiving neuron

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10
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals contained in the terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate

Release into synapse along dendrites to the next neuron

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11
Q

Reup take

A

A neurotransmitter re absorption by the sending neuron

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12
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural opiates life neurotransmitters linked to pain control & positive emotions

Inhibitory

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13
Q

Agonist

A

A molecule that by binding to a rector site , stimulates a response

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14
Q

Antagonist

A

A molecule that by binding to a receptor sits , inhibits or blocks a response

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15
Q

Nervous system

A

The body’s speedy communication network consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral & central nervous system

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16
Q

Central nervous system

A

The Brian & spinal cord

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17
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

The sensory & motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

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18
Q

Nerves

A

Bundled axon that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system w muscles , glands , & sense organs

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19
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Neurons that carry incoming info from the sensory receptors to the brain & spinal cord

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20
Q

Motor neurons

A

Neurons that carry outgoing info from the brain & spinal cord to the muscles & glands

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21
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons within the brain & spinal cord that communicate internally & intervene between the sensory inputs

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22
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

The division to the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles

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23
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs
Sympathetic - arouses
Parasympathetic - calms

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24
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, monolingual its energy in stressful situations

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25
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body ; conserving energy

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26
Q

Reflex

A

A simple automatic response to a sensory stimulus

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27
Q

Endocrine system

A

The body slow chemical communication system ; a set of glands that secrets hormones into the bloodstream

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28
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands Ravel through the bloodstream & affect other tissues

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29
Q

Adrenal glands

A

A spur of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys & secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress

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30
Q

Pituitary gland

A

The endocrine system most influential gland under the influence of the hypothalamus ; the pituitary regulates growth & controls glands

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31
Q

Lesion

A

Tiny clusters of brain cells ; leaving the surrounding tissue unharmed

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32
Q

Brain stem

A

Oldest part & central core of the brain ; beginning where the spiral cord swells as it enters the skull ; responsible for automatic survival factors

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33
Q

Medulla

A

The base of the brain stem ; controls heart beat & breathing

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34
Q

Thalamus

A

The brain sensory control center ; located on top of the brain stem ; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in cortex & transmits to replies to the cerebellum & medulla

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35
Q

Reticular formation

A

A nerve network that travels through the brain stem & thalamus & plays an important role in controlling arousal

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36
Q

Cerebellum

A

The little brain at the rear of brain stem ; functions include processing sensory input , coordinating movement & balance & enabling non verbal learning & memory

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37
Q

Amygdala

A

Two Lima bean sized neural clusters in limbus system ; linked to emotion

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38
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A neural structure lying below the thalamus , it directs several maintenance activities , help govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland & is lined to emotion , reward , & eating

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39
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Axon divers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

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40
Q

Pons

A

Helps w wake & sleep cycles

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41
Q

Spinal cord

A

Pathway for neural divers traveling to & from brain ; controls simple reflexes

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42
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Ultimate control & info processing center

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43
Q

Glial cells

A

Cells in nervous system that support , nourish & protect neurosurgery; they may also play a role in learning & thinking

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44
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead

Involved in speaking & muscles movements in making plans & judgements

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45
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at top of the head & toward the rear ; revives sensory input for touch & body position

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46
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of head ; includes areas that receive info from the visual fields

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47
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying above ears

Includes auditory areas & receiving info from opposite ear

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48
Q

Motor cortex

A

An area at the rear of frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

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49
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers & process body touch & movement sensations

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50
Q

Association areas

A

Areas of cerebral cortex that are not involved primary motor or sensible functions ; learning , remembering , thinking & speaking

51
Q

Plasticity

A

Brain ability to change especially during childhood by recognizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

52
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Formation of new neurons

53
Q

Split brain

A

A condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them

54
Q

Consciousness

A

Our awareness of ourselves & our environment

55
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

Interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked w cognition

56
Q

Dual processing

A

Principle that info is often simultaneously processes in separate conscious & unconscious tracks

57
Q

Neuroanatomy

A

Refers to the study of the parts & functions of neurons

58
Q

Soma

A

Contains the nucleus & other parts of the cell needed to sustain life

59
Q

Schwann cells

A

Provide for the growth of the myelin sheath

60
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Spaces of gaps in the myelin sheath around an axon

61
Q

Terminal buttons

A

The end of the axon that contain neurotransmitters

62
Q

Phrenology

A

The study of bumps on skull

63
Q

Pancreas

A

Controls how the body uses glucose or sugar

64
Q

Thyroid

A

It regulates growth & metabolism

65
Q

Parathyroid

A

These glands regulate the amount of calcium in your blood

66
Q

Pineal gland

A

It produces melatonin, which regulars when we sleep & wake

67
Q

Thymus

A

It helps the body recognize & reject germs

68
Q

A chemical that is secreted by an endocrine gland & carried in the blood to target organs

A

Hormones

69
Q

Example of fast acting hormone

A

Adrenaline

70
Q

Endocrine gland within the brain is the

A

Pituitary gland

71
Q

Control of blood sugar levels is by

A

Insulin & glucagon

72
Q

Regulation of male sexual characteristic is by

A

Testosterone

73
Q

If a persons thyroid gland was surgically removed , the effect on the body would be

A

Reduction in metabolism & some weight gain

74
Q

This links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

75
Q

Who proposed phrenology

A

Franz Gall

76
Q

The idea that various brain regions have particular functions

A

Localization of function

77
Q

What are the three components grow as myelin sheath is laid down ?

A

Neural efficiency
Judgment
Self control

78
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Communication to muscles slow w eventual loss of muscle control

79
Q

Multiple sclerosis is the result of degeneration in the …..

A

Myelin sheath

80
Q

Ions

A

Electrically charged atoms

81
Q

A resting pause after a neuron has fired

A

Refractory period

82
Q

What does a neuron do during a refractory period ?

A

Pumps the positively sodium ions back outside

83
Q

What did Sherrington discover ?

A

Synapses

84
Q

A strong stimulus can increase the

A

Intensity of the impulse the neuron fires

85
Q

Correct sequence in the transmission of a simple reflex

A

Sensory neuron , interneuron , motor neuron

86
Q

Heart beat , digestion & bodily functions

A

Sympathetic division

87
Q

What do neurotransmitters cross to send info

A

Synaptic gap

88
Q

Oxytocin

A

A hormone released by pituitary that stimulates contractions during birth

89
Q

Feedback system

A 
Brain 
Pituitary 
Other glands 
Hormones 
Body & brain
90
Q

Three types of neurons

A

Sensory
Motor
Interneurons

91
Q

What kind of neuron carries the info necessary to activate withdrawal of the hand from a hot object

A

Sensory

92
Q

Which may explain an unusually tall height for a 12 year old

A

Pituitary

93
Q

What communicates w the pituitary which turns controls the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

94
Q

Limbic system

A

Associate w emotions

Food & sex

95
Q

Electroencephalogram ( EEG )

A

Waves sweeping of the brain surface

Measured by electrodes

96
Q

Computed tomography

A

Series of x rays take from different angles , demonstration of the brain

97
Q

Positron emission tomography

A

Visual display of brain active that detects where a radioactive form of glucose

98
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging

A

Uses magnetic fields & radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissues

99
Q

The part of brain that triggers the release of adrenaline

A

Medulla

100
Q

Gymnast falls but keeps practicing

A

Cerebellum

101
Q

Brain train hub bc it directs incoming sensory messages

A

Thalamus

102
Q

Regulates thirst

A

Hypothalamus

103
Q

Lobe that plans the future

A

Frontal lobe

104
Q

Lobe allowed to activate proper muscles

A

Frontal lobe

105
Q

Difference between human & other brains

A

Association areas

106
Q

Cognitive neural prosthetics are placed in the brain to help control parts of the

A

Motor cortex

107
Q

Genome

A

The complete instructions for making an organism

108
Q

Describes genetic mutation

A

Random errors in gene replication

109
Q

Hind brain

A

Oldest part of the brain

Functions are done w conscious effect

110
Q

The mid brain

A

Located between the hind brain & the fore brain

Responsible for behaviors w hearing & sight

111
Q

Limbic system is made up of

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala

112
Q

Broca area

A

Left frontal area

Controls language , expression , & speech

113
Q

Wernikes area

A

Left temporal lobe

Understands both written & spoken language

114
Q

Which produces aggression

A

Amagdala

115
Q

Females & males both have

A

Estrogens & testosterone

116
Q

Testes have

A

Androgens

117
Q

Pituitary gland helps w the flow of

A

Human growth hormones

118
Q

Efferents

A

Send messages from the brain to bones & muscles

119
Q

Afferent is

A

Sensory

120
Q

Reflex arc

A

Automatic response that requires no brain messages

Decision made at interneurons in the spinal cord

121
Q

Gial cells also

A

Clean up

122
Q

Stay focus

A

Reticular formation

123
Q

Depolarization

A

The mix of positive & negative ions
Threshold being met or exceeded
An action potential being created

124
Q

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of which ?

A

Dopamine

AP Psych (17 decks)

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