Module 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 Flashcards
1
Q
Sensation
A
The process by which our sensory receptors & nervous system receive & represent stimulus energies from our environment
2
Q
Perception
A
The process of organizing & interpreting sensory info , enabling us to recognize meaning ful objects & events
3
Q
Bottom up processing
A
Info processing that focuses on the raw material entering through the eyes , ears , & organs
Sensation
4
Q
Top down processing
A
Info processing that focuses on expectations & experiences in interpreting incoming sensory info
Perception
5
Q
Selective attention
A
The focusing of conscious awareness on particular stimulus
6
Q
Inattentional blindness
A
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
7
Q
Change blindness
A
Failing to notice changes in the environment
8
Q
Transduction
A
Converting of a stimulus to neuron impulse
9
Q
Absolute threshold
A
The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
You either sense it or don’t
10
Q
Subliminal
A
Below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness
11
Q
Priming
A
The activation , of certain associations this predisposing one perception , memory , or response
12
Q
Difference threshold
A
The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection for fifty percent of the time . We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference
13
Q
Webers law
A
The principles that to be perceived as different , two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
( large difference , more senses )
14
Q
Sensory adaptation
A
Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
15
Q
What occurs when experiences influence our interpretation of data ?
A
Top down processing
16
Q
What principles states that to be perceived as different , two stimuli must differ by a minimum percentage rather than a constant amount ?
A
Webers law
17
Q
What do we call the conversion of stimulus energies like sight & sound into neural impulses ?
A
Transduction
18
Q
Natalia’s adjustment until she feels a difference is
A
Difference threshold
19
Q
Tyshane body became accustomed to the water due to
A
Sensory adaption
20
Q
Perceptual set
A
The tendency to perceive a person or situation in a certain way due to experiences
21
Q
Extrasensory perception
A
The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input includes telepathy , clairvoyance , & precognition
22
Q
Parapsychology
A
The study of paranormal phenomena including ESP & psychokinsis
23
Q
What do we call a mental predisposition that influences our interpretation of a stimulus ?
A
Perceptual set
24
Q
Which is produced by perceptual set
A
Surprise at hearing an Oklahoma cowboy speak w British accent
25
Wavelength
The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next
Wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission
26
Hue
The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light
Color
27
Intensity
The amount of energy in a light or sound wave which we perceive as brightness
Determine by amplitude
28
Pupil
Hole in the eye that light enters
29
Iris
A ring or muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil & controls the size
30
Lens
The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on retina
31
Retina
Where rods are located to see in very low light & detect movement
ONLY SEE WHITE & BLACK
32
Accommodation
The process by which the eye lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
33
Rods
Retinal receptors that detect black white & ray
| Necessary for peripheral & twilight visions when cones don't respond
34
Cones
See in color & clarity
35
Optic nerve
The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
36
Blind spot
No rods & no cones
| Can't see
37
Fovea
Clearest vision
| Just cones
38
Feature detectors
Nerve cells in the brain that respond to the specific feauture of the stimulus
Shape angle & movement
39
Parallel processing
processing aspects of a problem
The brain's natural mode of info processing for many functions like vision
40
Young helm jolts trichromatic theory
Cones are sensitive to red , green , & blue
All colors come in a comb of three
41
Opponent process theory
Sensory receptors in the retina come in pairs
AFTER IMAGES
42
What do the color theories show
That color processing occurs in two stages
43
Which of the following explains reserved color after images
Hearing opponent process theory
44
Which fits the physical properties of the color light waves
Large wave length , large amplitude
45
What do we call the transparent , protective layer that light passes through as it enter the eye
Cornea
46
Gestalt psychologists
Emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes
47
Figure ground
Organizing visual fields into objects that stand out from our surroundings
48
Grouping
to organize stimulis into coherent groups
49
Depth perception
The ability to see objects in 3D although the images that strike the retina are 2D
Allows to juste distance
50
Visual cliff
A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants & young animals
51
Phi phenomenon
A movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on & off quickly
52
Perceptual constancy
Size
Shape
brightness
53
Color constancy
Seeing familiar objects as having consistent color
| even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
54
After thirty mins the student was able to smoothly avoid obstacles illustrating the concept of
Perceptual adaption
55
What do we call the illusion of movement that results from two or more stationary , adjacent lights blinking on & off in quick session
Phi phenomenon
56
Bryanna & Charles are in a dancing competition . It is easy for spectators to see them against the dance or bc
Figure ground relationships
57
Bringing order & form to stimuli , which illustrates how the whole differs from the sun of its parts is called
Grouping
58
Audition
The sense or act of hearing
59
Frequency
The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
60
Pitch
A tone experienced highness of lowness depends on frequency
61
Middle ear
The chamber between the eardrum & cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibration of the eardrum on the cochlea oval window
62
Cochlea
A coiled bony fluid filled tube in the inner ear , sound waves trigger nerve impulses
63
Inner ear
The innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea , semicircular Canals , & vestibular sacs
64
Frequency theory
Different frequency of the sound wave vibrates the inner ear at different places in cochlea
65
What type of hearing loss is due to The to the mechanism that transmits sound waves to the cochlea
Conduction
66
Pitch depends on what
Number of sound waves that reach the ear in a given time
67
Which reflections the notion that pitch is related to the number of impulses traveling up the auditory nerve in a unit of time
Frequency theory
68
The three small bones of the ear are located in
The middle ear
69
Gate control
The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signal or allowed them to pass on to the brain
The gate opens to activity or pain signals or info from the brain
70
Kinesthesia
The system for sensing the position & movement of individual body parts
71
Vestibular sense
The sense of body movements & position including the sense of balance
72
Sensory interaction
The principle that one sense may influence another as when the smell of food influences Taste
73
Embodied cognition
In psychological science , the influence of bodily sensations , gestures , & other states on cognitive preferences & judgements
74
Sensing the position & movement of individual body parts is
Kinesthetic
75
Which of the following is kinesthesia
Awareness of the position of you arms when swimming the backestroke
76
Which is sensory interaction
Finding that food tastes bland when you have a bad cold
77
Which is associated w hairlike receptors in the semi circular canals
Body position
78
How do we sense touch
Pressure
Warmth
Cold
Pain
79
Taste & smell are
Chemical senses
80
Types of taste
```
Sweet
Sour
Salty
Bitter
Unmani
```
81
Receptor cells
The five senses are coded to only take in one type of stimulus
82
Signal detection
One testable way to determine the thresholds for various people
83
Color deficient vision
People who lack one of the three zones
84
Nearsighted
Myopia
85
Farsighted
Hyperopia
86
Features of sound
Pitch
Hertz
Decibels
87
Localization of sound
Locating where sound comes from
88
Conduction deafness
Middle ear damage : cochlea implants
Nerve deafness: hair cell or auditory nerve damage
89
Oval window
Receives sound from ossicles
| As it vibrates , the fluid in cochlea vibrates
90
Ossicles ampities the vibration of
The ear drum
91
What do hearing aids help
Ossicles
92
Hair cells
The receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea that change sound vibrations into neural impulses
93
Auditory nerve
Carries sound info from the ears to the temporal lobes
94
Eustachian tube
Tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose ; equalized the pressure bwt the middle ear & air
95
Semicircular canals
Organs in the inner ear used in sending body orientation & balance
96
Hertz
A measure of the number of sound wave peaks per second
Measures frequency
Determined the pitch of the sound
97
Papilla
Little bumps on tongue
| Adults have 7500 taste buds
98
Where are olfactory cells ?
In the upper nasal to detect molecules in the air
99
Praegnanz
Brain favors the simplest solution
100
Constancy
Things don't change even though you think so
Size , shape , & color all stay the same
101
Visual capture
Tendency for vision to dominate the other senses
102
Proximity
Brain likes to group near by figures together
103
Similarity
Objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived in the same group
104
Continuity
The tendency to perceive continuous patterns
105
Closure
The tendency to over look incompleteness & complete objects
106
Monocular cues
Depth cues that do not depend on having two eyes working in conjunction tg
107
Place theory
How sound is received and perceived by the human ear
108
Binocular cues
Convergence
Neuromuscular cue
Two eyes move onward for near objects
109
Binocular disparity
Images from the two eyes differ
| Closer the object , larger the disparity
110
Motion
Eye muscle activity
Changing retinal image
Contrast of the living object & its stationary background
111
Stroboscopic motion
Timed flashing lights or moving pictures that give the allusion of movement
112
Perceptual illusions
Automatic perception processes guide us to the wrong conclusions
113
Relative size
Smaller image is more distant
114
Texture gradient
Coarse , close fine , distant
115
Inter position
A closer object blocks a more distant object
116
Relative clarity
Hazy object seen as more distant
Lighted objects seem closer
Darker objects seem far away
117
Shadowing
Notice the perception of depth changes when shading is reversed
118
Relative height
Objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as farther away
119
Linear perspective
Parallel lines converge within distance
120
Motion parallel
Closer objects seem to move faster
121
Where does transduction take place
Receptor cells
122
Hit
Signal is present & also sensed
123
Miss
Signal is present but not sensed
124
False alarm
No signal , but we sensed it
125
Rejection
No signal , no sense
126
The view from narmeen left eye is slightly different from the view from her right eye ... this is use to which
Retinal disparity
127
Shape constancy
Objects viewed from different angles will produce different shapes on our retina
128
Which will most likely to influence our memory of a painful event
The intensity of pin at the end of the event
129
Volley principle
Neural cells can alternate firing
| Rapid successions
130
Which perception process are the hammer anvil & stirrup involved in
Transmitting sound waves to the cochlea
131
When we go to the movies , we see smooth continuous motion rather than a series of still images because of
Stroboscopic movement
132
Tim is reading an important letter when he accidentally Spaniard water on the paper
The water has smudged a few words , but he can still understand what the letter says
Top down processing
133
When viewed from the window of a moving train , nearby objects seem to pass by more quickly than more distant objects ?
Motion parallax
