Motivation, Emotion, & Stress Flashcards
Motivation
A need of desire that energies & directs behavior
Instinct
A complex , unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species
Drive reduction theory
The ideas that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivated an organism to satisfy the need
THEYRE INADEQUATE
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state ; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry
Such as blood glucose
Incentive
A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Yerkes Dodson law
The principle that performance increases w arousal only up to a point , beyond which performance decreases
Hierarchy of needs
Maslow pyramid of human needs t
Optimal arousal theory
Explains that motivated behaviors may decrease or increase arousal
Glucose
The form of sugar that circulates in the blood & provides the major source of energy for body tissues
When it’s level is low , we feel hunger
Set point
The point at which an individual weight thermostat is supposedly set
When the body falls below this weight , an increase in hunger & a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
Basal metabolic rate
The body resting rate of energy expenditure
Sexual response cycle
The four stages of sexual responding described by masters & Johnson - excitement , plateau , orgasm , resolution
Refractory period
A resting period after orgasm , during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
Sexual dysfunction
A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousing & functioning
Emotion
A response of the whole organism involves :
Physiological arousal
Expressive behaviors
Conscious experiences
James Lange theory
We experience emotion Bc of physiological change
Emotion providing
Physical
Emotion
Cannon bard theory
An emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both a physiological response & a subjective experience of emotion
Emotion producing stimulus
Physiological response
Feeling of emotion
Two factor theory
The schachter singer theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused & cognitively label the arousal
Stress
The process by which we perceive & respond to certain events called stressors , that we appraiser as threatening or challenging
General adaption syndrome
Around concept of the body adaptive response to stress in ; alarm resistance & exhaustion
Tend & befriend response
Under stress people often provide support to others & bond w & seek support from others
Psychophysiological
Literally , mind body illness , any stress related physical illness such as hypertension & headaches
Psychoneuroimmunology
The study of how psychological , neural , & endocrine , process together affect the immune system & resulting health
Lymphocytes
The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body immune system
B lymphocytes
Form in the bone marrow & release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
T lymphocytes
Form in the thymus & other lymphatic tissue & attack cancer cells , viruses , & foreign substances
Coronary heart disease
The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
The least cause of death in many developed countries
Type a
Friedman & roseman term for competence , hard driving , impatient , verbally aggressive , & anger prone people
Type b
Friedman & roseman term for easy going relaxed people
Three components for motivation
Activation : invitation or production behavior
Persistence : continued effort to get something
Intensity : greater vigor of responding
Migration & mating behavior
A complex , inherited , unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species
Arousal theory
We are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal
Based on individual or situation
Too low : watch movie or jog
Too high : mediating or book
Incentive theory
Extrinsic motivation
Behavior is motivated solely by the pull of external rewards or punishment
Intrinsic motivation
When you are motivated by internal factors to do something for its own sake
Psychoanalysis
Motives come from the unconscious mind
Eros : your life instinct is the drive for survival
Thanatos : your death instinct
Social acceptance
Behaviors are motivated by the desire to increase our social acceptance & inclusion in social groups
Humanistic theory
People are motivated to satisfy a progression of internal needs , beginning w the most basic & moving towards the realization of personal potential
Abraham Maslow
Hypothalamus
Mains homeostasis
Lateral
Tells you that you’re hungry
Ventromedical
Responsible for stop eating
Which is a major source of energy in your body ?
Glucose
Leptin
Protein secreted by fat cells
Too much ; increases metabolism & decreasing hunger
Too lil ; signals to increase hunger
Orexins
The hunger triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus
Gherlin
Secreted by an empty stomach
PYY
digestive tract hormone that sends an I’m not hungry signal to the brain
What makes you hungry
Orexin
Ghlrelin
Lateral
Not hungry
Leptin
PYY
Ventromedical
External factors that affect eating habits
Taste
Moods
Culture
Media
Anorexia nervosa
Normal weight person diets & becomes under weight
Bulima nervosa
Characterized by episodes of overrating , followed by vomiting , laxative use , or excessive exercise
Achievement
A desire for significant accomplishment for master of things , people or ideas for attaining a high standard
Theory x
Workers will only work w benefits or threatened w punishment
Theory y
Workers have internal motivation to do goood work & only need encouragement
Easier theory ; x or y
Theory x
Powerful ; x or y
Theory y
Approach - approach conflict
This occurs when you have a choice bwt two desirable outcomes
Concert or game ?
Avoidance - avoidance conflict
Occurs when you must choose bwt to undesirable outcomes
Clean room or mow lawn
Approach - avoidance conflict
A choice you are going to make bwt desirable & undesirable
Lactose but loves ice cream
Physiological
Includes behaviors like heart pounding , dry mouth , & shortened breath
Expressive behaviors
Includes external behaviors like a fast walk or jumping or smiling
Conscious experience
Includes identifying thoughts & feelings
Which is more powerful ? Extrinsic or instrisic
Intrinsic
Drive reduction theory flow chart
Need ( food or water )
Drive ( hunger or thirst
Drive reducing behaviors ( eating or drinking )
Do different emotions activate different physiological responses ?
No ; multiple emotions trigger multiple responses
Yes; different emotions do stimulate different facial feature
A polygraph machine can identify the different physiological responses
W different emotions in order to detect lies
How are emotions expressed ?
Emotions can be felt internal as the physiology of body changes & emotions can be project outwardly through ; facial expressions , body language , tone
Facial feedback
Assuming emotional expressions & postures can trigger a feeling
What shows emotion more ?
Facial expressions
Carroll Izard basic emotions
Joy Interest / excitement Surprise Sadness Anger Disgust Contempt Fear Shame Guilt
Two dimensional model of emotions
Explains positive & negative emotions - the value of any emotion is a measure of pleasantness combined w arousal
Excitement
Beginning of stage
Orgasm
Tissue thicken
Plateau
Arousal at high level
Resolution
Back to original
Narcissism
Self esteem gone away
These people are self important , self focused
Spillover effect
The tendency of one person emotion to affect how other people around them feel
Robert zajonc theory on emotion
They believe that some simple emotional responses occur instantly not only outside our conscious awareness but before any cognitive processing occurs
