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AP Psych > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

The process of acquiring new & relatively enduring info or behaviors

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2
Q

Habituation

A

An organisms decreasing response to a stimulus w repeated exposure to it

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3
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together

The events may be two stimuli or response & its consequences

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4
Q

Stimulus

A

Any event or situation that evokes a response

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5
Q

Cognitive learning

A

The acquisition of mental info , whether by observing events , by watching others , or language

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6
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli & anticipate events

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7
Q

Behaviorism

A

Thee view that psychology should be an objective science
That studies behaviors without reference to mental processes
Most psychologists agree w first part not second

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8
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

In classics conditioning , a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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9
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Automatic response to UCS

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10
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Agent that leads to a response without training

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11
Q

Conditioned response

A

A learned response to CS

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12
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

A former NS that comes to elicit a given response after pairing w a UCS

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13
Q

Acquisition

A

The initial stage in classical conditioning
When one links a neutral stimulus & an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
Strengthen reinforced response

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14
Q

High order conditioning

A

A procedure when the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired w a new neutral stimulus , creating a second conditioned stimulus

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15
Q

Extinction

A

The diminishing of a conditioned response , when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus
occurs in operant conditioning when a response isn’t reinforced anymore

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16
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response

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17
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response

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18
Q

Discrimination

A

In classical conditioning , the learning ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus & stimuli that do not signal an unconditional stimulus

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19
Q

What do we learn in operant conditioning ?

A

To associate a response & its consequences

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20
Q

What can classical conditioning be used for ?

A

Therapy
Overcoming fears
Body immune system

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21
Q

Which of the following is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience ?

A

Learning

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22
Q

Lynn is teaching learning . Every time she claps her hands , Charlie turns off the light. When Tandy claps in approval of Lynn’s presentation, Charlie does not turn the light off. What is the concept?

A

Discrimination

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23
Q

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus

A

Naturally triggers a response

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24
Q

The work of Pavlov & Watson fits best into which of psych perspectives

A

Behaviorism

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25
Who is associated most closely w operant conditioning ?
B F skinner
26
Operant conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforced or diminished if followed by a punisher
27
Law of effect
Principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely & that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
28
What has an larger impact on our day to day lives ?
Operant conditioning
29
Operant chamber
A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforced Attached devices record the animal rate of bad pressing or key pecking
30
Reinforcement
In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the Behavior it follows
31
Shaping
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer & closer approximations of the desire behavior
32
Positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers | A positive reinforcer is any stimulus tht when presented after a response , strengthens the response
33
Negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli .. a negative reinforcers is any stimulus that when removed after a response , strengthens the response
34
Primary reinforcers
An innately reinforcing stimulus , satisfies a biological need
35
Conditioned reinforcer
A stimulus tht gains its reinforcing power through its association w a primary reinforcer
36
Reinforcement schedule
A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
37
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
38
Partial reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time ; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
39
Fixed ratio schedule
In operant conditioning , a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
40
Variable ratio schedule
In operant conditioning , a reinforcement schedule tht reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
41
Fixed interval schedule
In operant conditioning , a reinforcement schedule tht reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
42
Variable interval schedule
In operant conditioning , a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
43
Punishment
An event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
44
Who created law of effect ?
Thornedike
45
Difference bwt positive & negative reinforcement
Positive strengthens a response by presenting a pleasurable stimulus after a response Negative strengthens by reducing something negative NO PUNISHMENT
46
What do we call the kind of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer ?
Operant conditioning p
47
Biofeedback
A system for electronically recording, amplifying info regarding a subtle physiological state
48
Respondent behavior
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
49
Operant behavior
Behavior tht operates on the environment , producing consequences
50
What do we call it when the CR decreases as the CS is repeatedly presented alone ?
Extinction
51
What do we call the reappearance after a rest period of an extinguished response ?
Spontaneous recovery
52
Cognitive map
A mental representation of the layout of ones environment
53
Observational learning
Learning by observing others
54
Modeling
The process of observing & imitating a specific behavior
55
Mirror neurons
Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe firewhen performing certain scathing or when observing another doing so Enable imitation & empathy
56
Pro social behavior
Positive , constructive , helpfully behavior
57
Who is associated w observational learning ?
Albert Bandura
58
Bandura famous bobo doll experiment is most closely associated with
Observational learning
59
Which is processes the best term for explain How we learn language
Modeling
60
Five major conditioning processes
``` Acquisition Generalization Discrimination Extinction Spontaneous recovery ```
61
Negative reinforcement ...
Increases likelihood of behavior !
62
Secondary reinforcement
Acquired positive value through experience
63
Time
Fixed interval | Variable interval
64
Number of things
Fixed ratio | Variable ratio
65
Punishment do not teach what ?
Proper behavior
66
Discriminative stimulus
Stimulus that Gains it reinforcing power after association w reinforcement
67
Responses are both learned & extinguish fastest when they are learned through which types of reinforcement schedule ?
Continuous

AP Psych (17 decks)

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