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AP Psych > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

The persistence of learning over time though the encoding, storage, & retrieval of information

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2
Q

Encoding

A

The processing of info into memory system

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3
Q

Storage

A

The process of retaining encoded info over time

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of getting information out of memory storage

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5
Q

Sensory memory

A

The immediate , very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system

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6
Q

Short term memory

A

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly , before the info is stored or forgotten

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7
Q

Long term memory

A

The relatively permanent & limitless store house of the memory system
Includes knowledge , skills , & experience

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8
Q

Working memory

A

A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious , active processing of incoming auditory & visual spatial Info

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9
Q

Explicit memory

A

Those memories we try to remember

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10
Q

Effortful processing

A

Encoding that required attention & conscious effort

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11
Q

Automatic processing

A

Unconscious encoding of incidental Info , such as space , time , frequency , & learned Info , such as word meanings

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12
Q

Implicit memory

A

Those memories we form without any effort

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13
Q

Iconic memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli , a photographic of picture image memory lasting few secs

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14
Q

Echoic memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli ; if attention is elsewhere , sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

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15
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar , manageable units , often occurs automatically

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16
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory aids , especially those techniques that use vivid imagery & organizational devices

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17
Q

Spacing effect

A

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

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18
Q

Testing effect

A

Enhanced memory after retrieving , rather than simply rereading , info
Also sometimes retrieval practice effect or tests enhanced learning

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19
Q

Shallow processing

A

Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

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20
Q

Deep processing

A

Encoding semantically , based on the meaning of the words ; tends to yield the best retention

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21
Q

Caitlin a fifth grader , is asked to remember her second grade teacher name. What measure of retention will Caitlyn use to answer this question?

A

Recall

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22
Q

Working memory is the most active during which portion of the info processing model ?

A

Short term memory

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23
Q

Your memory of which of the following is a example of implicit memory ?

A

Which way to turn the car key to start the engine

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24
Q

Which of the following is the most likely to lead to semantic encoding of lists of words ?

A

Thinking bout how the words relate to your own life

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25
Q

Hippocampus

A

A neutral center located in the limbic system ; helps process explicit memories for storage

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26
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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27
Q

Long term potentiation

A

An increase in a cell firing potential after brief , rapid stimulation
Believe to be neural basis for learning & memory

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28
Q

Recall

A

A measure of memory in which a person must retrieve info learned earlier , as in a fill in the blank test

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29
Q

Recognition

A

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned ; as in a multiple choice test

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30
Q

Relearning

A

A measure of memory that assess the amount of time saved when learning material again

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31
Q

Priming

A

The activation , often consciously , of particular associations in memory

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32
Q

Mood congruent memory

A

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent w ones current good or bad

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33
Q

Serial position effect

A

Our tendency to recall best the last & first items in a list
A recency effect & a primary effect

34
Q

What two parts of the brain are most involved in explicit memory ?

A

Frontal lobes & hippocampus

35
Q

Which of the following is an example of flashbulb memory ?

A

Anna remembers when her father returned from an over sears military deployment Bc the day was very emotional for her

36
Q

Juan returns to her grandparents house after a ten year absence , the flood of memories bout his childhood visits its best explained by

A

Priming

37
Q

Which of the following is an example of the primacy effect ?

A

Remembering the names of the first two co workers you met on the first day of your new job

38
Q

Anterograde

A

An inability to form new memories

39
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

An inability to retrieve info from one past

40
Q

Proactive interference

A

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info

41
Q

Retroactive interference

A

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info

42
Q

Repression

A

The psychoanalytic theory ; the basic defense mechanism that vanishes from consciousness anxiety - arousing thoughts , feelings , & memories

43
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Incorporating misleading info into one memory of an event

44
Q

Source amnesia

A

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experience , heard about , read bout , or imagined
Source amnesia , along w the misinformation effect , is at the heart of many false memories

45
Q

Deja vu

A

That eerie sense that “ I have experienced this before. “ cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

46
Q

Which of the following is an example of anterograde amnesia ?

A

Louis can remember the past , but has not been able to form new long term memories since experiencing a brain infection four years ago

47
Q

What does Hermann Ebbinghaus forgetting cure show about the nature of storage decay ?

A

The rate of forgetting decreases as time goes on

48
Q

Which of the following is an example of proactive interference ?

A

You can’t recall your new phone number because your old number interferes

49
Q

How do we remember stuff ?

A

Rehearsal & spacing

50
Q

Rehearsal

A

Conscious repetition of info

51
Q

Spacing

A

Rehearsing info repeatedly over time

52
Q

Three types of encoding

A

Semantic
Acoustic
Visual

53
Q

Semantic

A

It is easier to remember things that have meaning

54
Q

Acoustic

A

It is easier to remember things w sound

55
Q

Visual

A

It is easier to remember things we visualize

56
Q

What do memories seem to be ?

A

Electrical & physical

57
Q

Ralph Gerard

A

Trained hamsters to memorize maze , lower body temps , & re tested them to remember which way to turn

58
Q

Richard Thompson

A

Used classical conditioning to train rabbits to blink when a tone was sounded

59
Q

What did Richard Thompson find ?

A

That simple reflex memories were localized in cerebellum

60
Q

Karl Langley

A

Trained rats to solve a maze
Then cut out pieces of the rats corrects & re tested their memory of maze
No matter of size

61
Q

What don’t complex memories do ?

A

Reside in single specific spots

62
Q

Three stage model of memory

A

Sensory memory
Short term
Long term

63
Q

Absent mindedness

A

Failure to pay attention leads to poor encoding

64
Q

Decay theory

A

Forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time ; if memories are unused , they go away

65
Q

Forgetting curve

A

Herman ebbingus

We forget things at a predictable rate

66
Q

What is the number one reason why we forget things ?

A

Absent mindedness

67
Q

PORN

A

pro active interference
Old memory is getting in the way of new memories
Retroactive interference
New memory gets in the way of old memories

68
Q

Retrieval cues

A

Clues that provide reminders of info that otherwise would be more difficult to remember

69
Q

Context effects

A

We remember info better & more accurately when In a physical setting that is similar to the one that you learned the info in the first place

70
Q

State dependent theory

A

What we learn in one physical state , such as drunk or sober , sometimes easier to remember in the same state

71
Q

Mental imagery

A

Mental image is the representation in a person mind

72
Q

Acronyms

A

Organizing items by creating words of sentences from the first letters of the words or info to be remembered

73
Q

Elizabeth loftus

A

Way questions are worded alter your perception

Trauma memories are never forgotten by mainly hidden

74
Q

Tip of tongue experience

A

The inability to get a bit of info that you know for certain is stored in your memory

75
Q

Source confusion

A

The true source of a memory is forgotten so you create details to fill in the blanks

76
Q

Where are memories stored ?

A

Hippocampus
Amglayda
Cerebellum
Cerebral cortex

77
Q

What is it when info is not able to be brought from your long term memory into your short term memory to be used ?

A

Retrieval failure

78
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

As plaques builds in the brain & interfere w neural transmissions , memories cannot be formed or retrieved

79
Q

Some strategies to improve memories

A 
Focus
Organize info
Commit necessary time
Elaborate on material 
Space study sessions
80
Q

Method of loci

A

Useful for memorizing lists of unrelated items in order

81
Q

Parallel processing

A

Our dual track brain processes many things simultaneously or unconsciously

AP Psych (17 decks)

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