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AP Psych > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

The persistence of learning over time though the encoding, storage, & retrieval of information

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2
Q

Encoding

A

The processing of info into memory system

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3
Q

Storage

A

The process of retaining encoded info over time

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of getting information out of memory storage

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5
Q

Sensory memory

A

The immediate , very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system

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6
Q

Short term memory

A

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly , before the info is stored or forgotten

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7
Q

Long term memory

A

The relatively permanent & limitless store house of the memory system
Includes knowledge , skills , & experience

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8
Q

Working memory

A

A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious , active processing of incoming auditory & visual spatial Info

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9
Q

Explicit memory

A

Those memories we try to remember

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10
Q

Effortful processing

A

Encoding that required attention & conscious effort

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11
Q

Automatic processing

A

Unconscious encoding of incidental Info , such as space , time , frequency , & learned Info , such as word meanings

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12
Q

Implicit memory

A

Those memories we form without any effort

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13
Q

Iconic memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli , a photographic of picture image memory lasting few secs

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14
Q

Echoic memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli ; if attention is elsewhere , sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

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15
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar , manageable units , often occurs automatically

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16
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory aids , especially those techniques that use vivid imagery & organizational devices

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17
Q

Spacing effect

A

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

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18
Q

Testing effect

A

Enhanced memory after retrieving , rather than simply rereading , info
Also sometimes retrieval practice effect or tests enhanced learning

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19
Q

Shallow processing

A

Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

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20
Q

Deep processing

A

Encoding semantically , based on the meaning of the words ; tends to yield the best retention

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21
Q

Caitlin a fifth grader , is asked to remember her second grade teacher name. What measure of retention will Caitlyn use to answer this question?

A

Recall

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22
Q

Working memory is the most active during which portion of the info processing model ?

A

Short term memory

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23
Q

Your memory of which of the following is a example of implicit memory ?

A

Which way to turn the car key to start the engine

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24
Q

Which of the following is the most likely to lead to semantic encoding of lists of words ?

A

Thinking bout how the words relate to your own life

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25
Hippocampus
A neutral center located in the limbic system ; helps process explicit memories for storage
26
Flashbulb memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
27
Long term potentiation
An increase in a cell firing potential after brief , rapid stimulation Believe to be neural basis for learning & memory
28
Recall
A measure of memory in which a person must retrieve info learned earlier , as in a fill in the blank test
29
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned ; as in a multiple choice test
30
Relearning
A measure of memory that assess the amount of time saved when learning material again
31
Priming
The activation , often consciously , of particular associations in memory
32
Mood congruent memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent w ones current good or bad
33
Serial position effect
Our tendency to recall best the last & first items in a list A recency effect & a primary effect
34
What two parts of the brain are most involved in explicit memory ?
Frontal lobes & hippocampus
35
Which of the following is an example of flashbulb memory ?
Anna remembers when her father returned from an over sears military deployment Bc the day was very emotional for her
36
Juan returns to her grandparents house after a ten year absence , the flood of memories bout his childhood visits its best explained by
Priming
37
Which of the following is an example of the primacy effect ?
Remembering the names of the first two co workers you met on the first day of your new job
38
Anterograde
An inability to form new memories
39
Retrograde amnesia
An inability to retrieve info from one past
40
Proactive interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info
41
Retroactive interference
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info
42
Repression
The psychoanalytic theory ; the basic defense mechanism that vanishes from consciousness anxiety - arousing thoughts , feelings , & memories
43
Misinformation effect
Incorporating misleading info into one memory of an event
44
Source amnesia
Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experience , heard about , read bout , or imagined Source amnesia , along w the misinformation effect , is at the heart of many false memories
45
Deja vu
That eerie sense that " I have experienced this before. " cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
46
Which of the following is an example of anterograde amnesia ?
Louis can remember the past , but has not been able to form new long term memories since experiencing a brain infection four years ago
47
What does Hermann Ebbinghaus forgetting cure show about the nature of storage decay ?
The rate of forgetting decreases as time goes on
48
Which of the following is an example of proactive interference ?
You can't recall your new phone number because your old number interferes
49
How do we remember stuff ?
Rehearsal & spacing
50
Rehearsal
Conscious repetition of info
51
Spacing
Rehearsing info repeatedly over time
52
Three types of encoding
Semantic Acoustic Visual
53
Semantic
It is easier to remember things that have meaning
54
Acoustic
It is easier to remember things w sound
55
Visual
It is easier to remember things we visualize
56
What do memories seem to be ?
Electrical & physical
57
Ralph Gerard
Trained hamsters to memorize maze , lower body temps , & re tested them to remember which way to turn
58
Richard Thompson
Used classical conditioning to train rabbits to blink when a tone was sounded
59
What did Richard Thompson find ?
That simple reflex memories were localized in cerebellum
60
Karl Langley
Trained rats to solve a maze Then cut out pieces of the rats corrects & re tested their memory of maze No matter of size
61
What don't complex memories do ?
Reside in single specific spots
62
Three stage model of memory
Sensory memory Short term Long term
63
Absent mindedness
Failure to pay attention leads to poor encoding
64
Decay theory
Forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time ; if memories are unused , they go away
65
Forgetting curve
Herman ebbingus | We forget things at a predictable rate
66
What is the number one reason why we forget things ?
Absent mindedness
67
PORN
pro active interference Old memory is getting in the way of new memories Retroactive interference New memory gets in the way of old memories
68
Retrieval cues
Clues that provide reminders of info that otherwise would be more difficult to remember
69
Context effects
We remember info better & more accurately when In a physical setting that is similar to the one that you learned the info in the first place
70
State dependent theory
What we learn in one physical state , such as drunk or sober , sometimes easier to remember in the same state
71
Mental imagery
Mental image is the representation in a person mind
72
Acronyms
Organizing items by creating words of sentences from the first letters of the words or info to be remembered
73
Elizabeth loftus
Way questions are worded alter your perception | Trauma memories are never forgotten by mainly hidden
74
Tip of tongue experience
The inability to get a bit of info that you know for certain is stored in your memory
75
Source confusion
The true source of a memory is forgotten so you create details to fill in the blanks
76
Where are memories stored ?
Hippocampus Amglayda Cerebellum Cerebral cortex
77
What is it when info is not able to be brought from your long term memory into your short term memory to be used ?
Retrieval failure
78
Alzheimer's
As plaques builds in the brain & interfere w neural transmissions , memories cannot be formed or retrieved
79
Some strategies to improve memories
``` Focus Organize info Commit necessary time Elaborate on material Space study sessions ```
80
Method of loci
Useful for memorizing lists of unrelated items in order
81
Parallel processing
Our dual track brain processes many things simultaneously or unconsciously

AP Psych (17 decks)

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