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Developmental Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies physical , cognitive , & social change throughout the life span

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2
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized egg ; it enters a two week period of rapid cell division & develops into a embryo

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3
Q

Embryo

A

The developing human organism from bout two weeks after fertilization through the second month

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4
Q

Fetus

A

The developing human organism from nine weeks after conception to birth

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5
Q

Teratogens

A

Monster maker

Agents , like chemicals & viruses , that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development & cause harm

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6
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Physical & cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant women heavy drinking
Can have small proportion head & abnormal facial features

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7
Q

Habituation

A

Decreasing responsiveness w repeated stimulation

As infant gain familiarity w repeated exposure to a visual stimulus , their interest wanes & they look away sooner

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8
Q

Three major issues in development psych

A

Nature vs nurture
Continuity & stages
Stability & change

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9
Q

Nature vs nurture

A

How does our genetic inheritance interact w our experience to influence our development ?

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10
Q

Newborns prefer their moms voice to their fathers immediately after birth .. why ?

A

Bc babies are exposed to the sound of their mother in the womb

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11
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Coordinated sequence of reflexes by which the baby gets food

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12
Q

Alcohol is a teratogen that can slip through the ….. & damage the fetus or embryo

A

Placenta

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13
Q

Even as newborns , we prefer sights & sounds tht facilitate social responsiveness. This can be seen by a new born preference for

A

Face like images

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14
Q

As infants gain familiarity w repeated exposure to a visual stimulus , their interest wanes & they look away sooner … the decrease in a infants responsiveness is called

A

Habituation

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15
Q

What is the prenatal dev sequence ?

A

Zygote , embryo , fetus

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16
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth that enable orderly changes in behavior , relatively un influenced by experience

Ex ; standing before walking

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17
Q

By when do you have most of your brain cells ?

A

On the day that you are born

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18
Q

Where is brain growth most rapid from ages 3 to 6 ?

A

In the frontal lobes Bc it’s enabling rational planning

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19
Q

What are theory areas of the brain to develop ?

A

Thinking
Memory
Language

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20
Q

When is the average age of people earliest memories ?

A

Your third & fourth year of age

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21
Q

As the infants brain develops ; some neural pathways will decay if not used
This use it or lose it process is known as

A

Pruning

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22
Q

Which of the following depends least on the maturation process ?

A

Telling time

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23
Q

Cognition

A

All the mental activities associated w thinking , knowing , remembering , & communicating

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24
Q

Schema

A

A concept or framework that organizes & interests information

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25
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemes

Ex ; a toddler may call all four legged animals dogs

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26
Q

Accommodation

A

Adapting our current understanding ( schemas ) to incorporate new info

Ex: four legged animal category is refined

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27
Q

Sensorimotor age

A

Piaget theory
Birth to two years old
During which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions & motor activities
OBJECT PERMANENCE

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28
Q

Object permanence

A

The awareness that things continue to exist even when no perceived

Ex ; if you hide a toy , a. Baby will continue to look for it

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29
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Piaget theory
Two to 6 or 7 years old
During which a child learns to use language bus does not yet comprehend logic
EGOCENTRIC

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30
Q

Conservation

A

The principle ( which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning ) that properties such as mass , volume , & number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Ex ; water & ice

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31
Q

Egocentrism

A

In Piaget theory , the pre operation child difficulty taking another point of view … PRETEND PLAY

Ex ; a child putting his hands over his face to make himself invisible

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32
Q

Symbolic thinking

A

Representing things w words & images

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33
Q

Theory of mind

A

People’s ideas about their own & others mental states - about their feelings , perception , & thoughts , & the behaviors these might predict

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34
Q

Autism spectrum disorder

A

A disorder that appears in childhood & is marked by significant deficiencies in communication & social interaction , & by rigidity fixated interests & repetitive behaviors

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35
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

Piaget theory
6 to 11 years of age
During which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically bout concrete events
CONSERVATION

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36
Q

Formal operational stage

A

Piaget theory
12 years old
During which people begin to think bout logically bout abstract concepts
REASON SYSTEMATICALLY

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37
Q

According to Vgotsky , why do children increasingly think in works & use words to solve problems by age 7 ?

A

Bc they are internalizing their cultures language & relying on inner speech

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38
Q

What is the difference between Piaget & vgotosky emphasis on children cognitive development ?

A

Piaget emphasize kids independent efforts to make sense of their own world
Vgotsky emphasizes it as a socially mediated process & depend on adults

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39
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

The zone between what a child can & cannot do , it’s what they can do w help

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40
Q

Neural networks grow more complex by

A

branching outward to form multiple connections

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41
Q

Your friend’s baby brother, Matt, loves to play with his pet cat. When he sees a puppy, he points and calls it “ Mi Mi, “ which is what he calls his cat. Matt is demonstrating Piaget’s process of

A

Assimilation

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42
Q

Vygotsky called the space between what a child could learn with and without help the

A

Zone of proximal development

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43
Q

Which of the following is a current belief of researchers that differs from Piaget’s original theories?

A

Object permanence develops earlier than Piaget believed

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44
Q

Which of the following identifies children’ s difficulty seeing another’s perspective?

A

Egocentric thinker

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45
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning by eight months

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46
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional tie w another person ; show in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver & showing distress in separation

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47
Q

Harry Harlow study of attachment on monkeys

A

Wanted to see if food or contact was more important
Contact comfort is more important to monkeys
Contact comfort is a critical factor in human infant caregiver

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48
Q

What else is important in forming an attachment ?

A

Familiarity

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49
Q

Critical period

A

An optimal period early in life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

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50
Q

Temperament

A

A persons characteristic emotional reactivity & intensity

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51
Q

Lorenz imprinting

A

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early life critical period

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52
Q

Do human infants imprint ?

A

No they become attached

53
Q

Secure attachment

A

Comfortable & happy in mothers presence to explore environment

54
Q

Insecure attachment

A

Marked either by anxiety or avoidance of trusting relationships

55
Q

Basic trust

A

Erik Erickson
A sense that the world is predictable & trustworthy ; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences w responsive caregivers

56
Q

Effects on a child if they are deprived of attachment

A

Less intelligence

Anxiety levels are high

57
Q

Self concept

A

All our thoughts & feelings about ourselves

58
Q

Self concept vs self esteem

A

Self concept is the way you think bout yourself

Self esteem is how you feel bout yourself

59
Q

Authoritarian

A

Parents who impose & expect obedience

60
Q

Permissive

A

Parents submit to their children’s desires ; make few demands & little punishment

61
Q

Authoritative

A

Parents who are demanding & responsive gain control by setting rules & enforcing them , but explain reasons for rules

62
Q

According to Baumrind , what kinds of parents do kids who have high self esteem tend to have ?

A

They have warm , concerned authoritative parents

63
Q

An 18 - month old typically recognizes herself in a mirror. This self awareness contributes to

A

Self concept

64
Q

What do we call an optimal window of opportunity for proper dev ?

A

Critical period

65
Q

Who identified secure & insecure attachment ?

A

Mary Ainsworth

66
Q

Gender

A

The socially constructed roles & characteristics by which a culture defines male & female

67
Q

Sex vs. gender

A

Sex is your biological status made out of chromosomes

Gender is the socially constructed roles in culture

68
Q

Explain power difference people perceive between genders

A

Men do place more importance on power & achievement are socially dominant

69
Q

What did carol gilligan find bout gender & social connectedness ?

A

She believes females tend to differ from males both in being less concerned w viewing themselves as separate individuals & in being more concerned w “ making connections “

70
Q

Gender roles

A

A set of expected behaviors for males or females

71
Q

Gender identity

A

Our sense of being male or female

72
Q

Social learning theory

A

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing & imitating & by being rewarded or punished
Ex : when little kids says curse words

73
Q

Gender typing

A

The acquisition of traditional masculine or feminine role

74
Q

Transgender

A

An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated w their birth sex

75
Q

According to research , which type of aggression is more common among males than females ?

A

Harmful physical aggression

76
Q

Diego likes to play sports & video games whereas Sara likes to sing , dance , & play house .. this example best depicts which of the following ?

A

Gender typing

77
Q

Carol gilligan research emphasizes prominent female characteristics , especially :

A

Making social connections

78
Q

What is the general conclusion bout which is more influential on development ; nature or nurture ?

A

Nurture , early childhood shapes our brain , but our brain modifies itself in response to our learning

79
Q

According to plomin & Daniels , two children in the same family are as different from….. as ours of children selected randomly from the population

A

One another

80
Q

Compared w rats raised in an enriched environment , which of following is true of rats raised in isolation ?

A

Their brain cortex is more thicker

81
Q

What is the primary means by which parents influence the behavior of their children ?

A

Genetic contributions

82
Q

Function of pruning

A

Eliminates unused pathways

83
Q

Adolescence

A

The transition period from childhood to adult hood , extending from puberty to independence

84
Q

Puberty

A

When we mature sexually

Hormones , moods , bodily changes

85
Q

What happened to your neurons in your brain during adolescence ?

A

The mirrors we do not use , we lose them

86
Q

What lobe of the brain matures during adolescence ?

A

Frontal lobe

87
Q

During early teens , what is reasoning like ?

A

Their moral judgements build on their cognitive development

88
Q

Preconventional Morality

A

Before age nine
Self interest ; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards
Ex ; if you save your wife , you’ll be a hero

89
Q

Conventional Morality

A

Early adolescence
Uphold laws & rules to gain social approval or maintain social order
Ex ; if you steal the drug , everyone will think you’re a criminal

90
Q

Post conventional

A

Beyond adolescence
Actions reflect beliefs in basic rights & self defines ethical principles
Ex ; people have a right to live

91
Q

What happens to children who learn to delay gratification ?

A

They become more socially responsible , academically successful , & productive

92
Q

The growth of the ….. around axons speeds neurotranmission , enabling better communication between the frontal lobe & other brain regions

A

Myelin

93
Q

Who believed that a child’s moral judgements build on cognitive development ?
Who agreed & sought to describe the development of moral reasoning ?

A

Piaget

Kohlberg

94
Q

Which level of moral reasoning includes a focus on upholding laws in order to gain social approval ?

A

Conventional

95
Q

What development in adolescents allows for greater impulse control ?

A

Frontal lobe maturation in late adolescence

96
Q

Which of jean Piaget stages describes typical adolescent thinking ?

A

Formal operational

97
Q

Identity

A

Our sense of self

According to Erickson , the adolescent task is to solidify a sense of self by testing & integrating various roles

98
Q

Social identity

A

The “ we “ aspect of our self concept ; the part of our answer to “ who am I ? “ that comes from our group memberships

99
Q

Intimacy

A

Erickson theory

The ability to form close , loving relationships

100
Q

Why is the first year of college such a challenge to many adolescents ?

A

Bc they are provided w new opportunities for trying out possible roles

101
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

For some people in modern culture , a period from the late teens to mid twenties , bridging the gap between adolescent dependence & independence

102
Q

Trust vs Mistrust

A

Infancy to one year

If needs are dependably met , infants develop a sense of basic trust

103
Q

Autonomy vs Shame

A

One to three years old

Toddlers learn to expertise their will & do things for themselves , or they doubt their abilities

104
Q

Initiative vs Guilt

A

Three to six years old

Preschool learn to initiate tasks & carry out plans ; or they feel guilt about their efforts to be independent

105
Q

Industry be inferiority

A

Six to puberty

Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to take ; or they feel inferior

106
Q

Identity vs role

A

Teen years to 20
Teens work at refining a sense of self by testing roles & then integrating them to form a single identity or become confused w who they are

107
Q

Intimacy vs isolation

A

20s to 40s
Young adults struggle to form close relationships & to gain the capacity for intimate love , or they feel socially isolated

108
Q

Generativity vs self absorption

A

40s to 60s
People discover a sense of contributing to the world , usually through family & work ; or they may feel a lack of purpose

109
Q

Integrity vs Despair

A

60s & up

Reflecting on his or her life , an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

110
Q

What goes hand in hand w positive parent teen relationships ?

A

Positive parent teen relations & positive peer relations

111
Q

Examples of secondary sex characteristics

A

Breasts
Hips
Male voice quality
Body hair

112
Q

Menarche

A

The first menstrual period

113
Q

Sexual orientation

A

An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex

114
Q

According to Erickson , you develop your …. , a part of who you are , from your group memberships

A

Self esteem

115
Q

According to Erickson , what is the primary developmental task for adolescents

A

Identity versus role confusion

116
Q

Compared w the late nineteenth century , what is true bout the transition from childhood to adulthood in western culture

A

It starts earlier & is completed later

117
Q

Megan , a third grader , is having trouble w math . She is starting to do poorly in other subjects , Bc she feels she cannot master math .
Based on Erickson a stages of psychosocial development , which stage is Megan in

A

Industry versus inferiority

118
Q

Boez is a two year old boy who is in the process of potty training , when he pees in the potty , he has a sense of pride
When he pees in his pants , he hides

A

Autonomy vs shame

119
Q

Example of primary sex characteristic

A

Reproductive organs in both sexes

120
Q

Menopause

A

The time of natural cessation of menstruation ; also refers to the biological changes a woman experience as her ability to reprise declines

121
Q

Cross sectional study

A

A study in which people of different ages are compared w one another

122
Q

Longitudinal study

A

Research in which the same people are testified & retested over a long period

123
Q

What happens to senses as you age ?

A

Visual sharpness diminishes & distance perception & adaption to light level changes are less acute

124
Q

What happens to immune system as you age ?

A

The system weaken , more prune to cancer

125
Q

What happens to neural processing as you age ?

A

The process slows down

126
Q

What is terminal decline of mental abilities

A

W age , we lose recall memory & processing speed but we gain vocab & knowledge

127
Q

According to Erickson , which of the following is a dominant goal of adulthood ?

A

Generativity

128
Q

Which of the following would be considered an example of Erickson concept of generativity

A

A 40 year old takes pride in her work & how she has raised her kids

129
Q

The …. is a culturally determined timetable for certain events , such as having kids

A

Social clock

AP Psych (17 decks)

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