PRMLS - Finals 2 Flashcards
STUDY OF PARASITES
PARASITOLOGY
PARASITES THAT LIVE OUTSIDE THE BODY
CAUSES INFESTATION
ECTOPARASITES
PARASITES THAT LIVE INSIDE THE BODY
CAUSES INFECTION
ENDOPARASITES
TYPES OF ENDOPARASITES (2)
INTESTINAL AND EXTRAINTESTINAL
GIVE EXAMPLES OF ECTOPARASITES (3)
MOSQUITO, ROACHES , AND RATS
MOSQUITO OF DENGUE
AEDES AEGEPTI
MOSQUITO OF MALARIA
ANAPHELES
WORM-LIKE PARASITES
HELMINTHS
WORMS THAT ARE TAPERED BOTH ENDS
NEMATODES
NEMATODES AKA?
ROUNDWORMS
WORMS HAVING SOFT, USUALLY FLATTENED BODY
PLATYHELMINTHES
EX OF CESTODES AND TREMATODES
CESTODE - TAPEWORM
TREMATODES - FLUKES
SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISM FOUND IN MOST HABITATS
PROTOZOA
PROTOZOA IN VAGINA, SEEN IN URINALYSIS
TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS
CLASSES OF PROTOZOA AND THEIR ORGAN OF LOCOMOTION? (4)
SARCODINA - PSEUDOPODS
FLAGELLATA - FLAGELLA
CILLIATA - CILLIA
ACONODASIA - NON-MOTILE
ACONODASIA MOVES THROUGH WHAT ANIMAL
MOSQUITO
REQUIRES HOST TO COMPLETE DEVELOPMENT
OBLIGATE PARASITE
FREE LIVING PARASITE; CAN SURVIVE IN OR OUT OF HOST
FACULTATIVE PARASITE
WHEN PARASITE ATTACKS AN UNNATURAL HOST AND SURVIVE
ACCIDENTAL PARASITE
LIVE IN CONTACT WITHOUT HOS ITS WHOLE LIFE
PERMANENT PARASITE
LIVE IN CONTACT WITH HOST A PART OF THEIR CYCLE ONLY
TEMPORARY PARASITE
ANYTHING WHICH IS NOT A TRUE PARASITE
SPURIOUS PARASITE
GIVE THE 6 MODES OF DEVELOPMENT ON PARASITE
OBLIGATE
FACULTATIVE
ACCIDENTAL
PERMANENT
TEMPORARY
SPURIOUS
OFAPTS
HOW ARE ACCIDENTAL PARASITES DISPOSED? AND IN HOW MANY DAYS MOSTLY?
DEFECATION - 25 DAYS
SAMPLE OF FACULTATIVE / FREE LIVING PARASITE
PROTOZOA
TYPES OF HOST (4)
DEFINITIVE H
INTERMEDIATE H
RESERVOIR
PARATENIC H
HOST THAT HAS MATURE PARASITE - FINAL HOST
DEFINITIVE HOST
HOST THAT HAS PARASITES IN THEIR ASEXUAL, LARVAL STAGE
INTERMEDIATE HOST
TYPES OF INTERMEDIATE HOST AND EXAMPLES
FIRST INTERMEDIATE HOST - SNAIL
SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOST - ANTS, FISH, CRABS, WATERCRESS
UNAFFECTED TYPE OF HOST
RESERVOIR
HOST WHERE PARASITE DOESNT DEVELOP TO OTHER STAGE
PARATENIC HOST
EXPLAIN THE LIFE CYCLE OF PARASITES
- EGG/OVA - DIAGNOSTIC
- LARVA - CARRIED BY IH
- ADULT - CARRIED BY DH
STUDY OF URINE
CLINCAL MICROSCOPY
4 PARAMETER HAS?
pH
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
PROTEIN
GLUCOSE
SYTEM INVOLVED FOR URINATION
URINARY SYSTEM
ERYTHROPOESIS ALSO HAPPEN IN?
KIDNEY
FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEY (4)
PRODUCES BLOOD
FILTER WASTE
EXCRETE WASTE
MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF KIDNEY
NEPHRON
HOW MANY NEPHRON PER KIDNEY?
1-1.5MILLION
FILTRATION UNIT OF NEPHRON
GLOMERULUS
TUBULE, THE URINE PASSAGEWAY IS HOW LONG?
30-40MM
FILTERED BY GLOMERULUS
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
GLOMERULAR CAPSULE AKA?
BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
NETWORK OF CAPPILARIES SURROUNDED BY GLOMERULAR CAPSULE
GLOMERULUS
ABSORBED BY ACTIVE PCT? (3)
GLUCOSE
AMINO ACIDS
SALTS
TYPES OF PCT (2)
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
WHAT IS ABSORBED BY LOOP OF HENLE
CHLORIDE
ABSORBS CHLLORIDE
LOOP OF HENLE
ABSORBED BY DCT?
SODIUM
LOOP OF HENLE: IMPERMEABLE WITH WATER
ASCENDING LOH
PASSIVE PCT AND ASCENDING LOOP OF HENLE ABSORBS?
UREA
DESCENDING LOOP OF HENLE ABSORBS?
SODIUM
NAIIHI AKA?
MICTURATION
URINE FORMATION IN ORDER (3)
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
TUBULAR REABSORPTION
SECRETION
URINE COLOR?
LIGHT/PALE TO DARK/DEEP A,BER
URINE CLARITY?
CLEAR
URINE PH?
4.5-8.0
URINE SPEC GRAVITY
1.005-1.030
URINE ODOR?
AROMATIC
URINE VOLUME?
750-2000ML / 24HRS
WHAT DOES EXCESSIVE AND UNDER URINATING? (4)
POLYURIA - EXCESS
OLYGORIA - BELOW
ANORIA - NONE
LUCTORIA - EXCESSIVE AT NIGHT
COMPOSITION OF YOUR URINE (3)
96 - WATER
2 - UREA
2 - OTHER SOLIDS
URINE HAS HIGH CONCENTRATIN OF (2)
UREA
CREATININE
SQUAMOUS CELLS MUST BE?
NONE-FEW / HPF
RBC’S MUST BE
1-2/HPF
WBC’S MUST BE
1-5 / HPF
SPECIMEN COLLECTION: THE PREFERRED SPECIMEN; CONCENTRATED OVERNIGHT
EARLY MORNING URINE
SPECIMEN COLLECTION: COLLECTED ANY TIME OF DAY (MOSTLY USED)
RANDOM URINE
SPECIMEN COLLECTION: USED FOR GLUCOSE DETERMINATION
FASTING / POST PRANDIAL URINE
SPECIMEN COLLECTION: FOR CLEARANCE TEST
TIMED URINE
TIMED URIN HOW MANY HOURS?
12-24HRS
3 METHODS OF COLLECTION
- CLEAN MIDSTREAM CATCH
- CHATHERIZATION
- SUPRAPUBIC ASPIRATION
SPECIMEN MUST BE ANALYZED WITHIN ____ HOUR OF COLLECTION
1
REFRIGIRATE SPECIMEN IN ____C NO MORE THAN _____ HOURS
2-8C | 8HOURS
EXCESSIVE RBC IN URINE
HEMATURIA
EXCESSIVE WBC IN URINW
PYURIA
EXCESSIVE CAST IN URINE
CYLINDURIA
SHAPE: CALCIUM OXALATE
ENVELOPE SHAPE
SHAPE:AMORPHOUS URATES
SAND GRAIN-LIKE
SHAPE: URIC ACID
POLYMORPHIC
SHAPE: CHOLESTEROL
RECTANGULAR PLATES WITH NOTCHED CORNERS
SHAPE: CRYSTINE
FLAT HEXAGON
SHAPE: CALCIUM CARBONATE
DUMBBELL SHAPE
SHAPE: AMORPHOUS PHOSPATE
SAND GRAIN-LIKE
SHAPE: TRIPLE PHOSPATE
COFFIN LID
SHAPE: CALCIUM PHOSPHATE
COLORLESS THIN PRISMS / THREADS
SHAPE: AMMONIUM BIURIATE
THORNY APPLES
SHAPE: YEAST CELLS
BUDDING RBC-LIKE
SHAPE: PARASITES
TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS
SHAPE: MUCUS THREAD
THREAD LIKE STRUCTURE
DETERMINING CAUS OF DISEASE
HISTOPATHOLOGY
SPECIMEN OF HISTOPHATOLOGY
AUTOPSY OR BIOPSY
RECITE THE HISTOPATH STEPS
FIXATION
DEHYDRATION
CLEARING
INFILTRATION
EMBEDDING
TRIMMING
SECTIONING
STAINING
MOUNTING
LABELING
FDCIETSSML
HOW MANY PERCENT OF FORMALIN IN FIXATION?
10%
INCREASING CONCENTRATION OF ETHYL ALCOHOL
DEHYDRATION
DEALCOHOLIZATION AKA?
CLEARING
FILLING OF TISSUE SPACE WITH PARAFFIN WAX
INFILTRATION
AKA MOLDING
EMBEDDING
REMOVAL OF EXCESS PARAFIN
TRIMMING
AKA MICROTOMY
SECTIONING
USES HEMATOXYLIN AND EOSIN
STAINING
COVER SLIP WITH MOUNTING FLUID
MOUNTING
DONE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF THE SLIDE
LABELLING
STUDY OF DNA AND RNA
GENETICS AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS
USE CHARACTERISTIC TO DETERMINE CAUSE OF DISEASE
PHENOTYPIC
USE DNA TO DETERMINE CAUSE OF DISEASE
GENOTYPIC
STUDY THAT INVOLVES SEVERAL PERSONALITIES FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT
GENETICS
FATHER OF GENETICS
GREGOR MENDEL
WHERE GENES ARE LOCATED
CHROMOSOMES
SEQUENCES OF NUCLEOTIDES IN A DNA OR NA / FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF INHERITANCE
GENES
HUMAS HAVE __ PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES
23
22 PAIRS ARE ___ 1 PAIR IS ____
AUTSOMES | SEX CHROMOSOMES
MOLECULAR BASIS OF HEREDITY
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
3 PARTS OF DNA
NITROGEN BASE
5 CARBON SUGAR
PHOSPHATE ESTER
SUGAR FOR DNA
DEOXYRIBOSE
SUGAR FOR RNA
RIBOSE
4 NITROGEN BASES OF DNA
ADENINE
GUANINE
CYTOSINE
THYMINE
MONOMER OF NUCLEIC ACID
NUCLEOTIDE
DIFFERENTIATE NUCLEOTIDE AND NUCLEOSIDE
NUCLEOSIDE HAS NO PHOSPHATE GROUP, ONLY NITROGENOUS BASE AND SUGAR COMPARED TO THE OTHER
BASE PAIRS (2)
CG
AT
AALSO KNOWN AS “TWISTED LADDER”
WATSON AND CRICK MODEL OF DNA
WATSON AND CRICK MODEL OF DNA AKA?
TWISTED LADDER
BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEIN
AMINO ACIDS
CODONS’ ABBREVIATION
UCAG
DNA TESTING AKA? (2)
MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS
GENOTYPIC IDENTIFICATION
MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS AKA?
DNA TESTING
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AKA?
TARGET NA AMPLIFICATION
TARGET NA AMPLIFICATION AKA?
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
DENATURATION OF NA TARGET HEATING TEMPERATURE:
94c
PRIMER ANNEALING HEATING TEMPERATURE:
50-58C
EXTENSION OF PRIMER-TARGET DUPLEX HEATING TEMPERATURE:
720c
EXTENSION OF PRIMER USES ENZYME?
TAQ POLYMERASE
PCR USED FOR RNA TARGET
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR / RT-PCR
REAL TIME PCR TIME
30-120MINS
COURSES (6)
HEMATOLOGY
IMMUNOLOGY
CLINICAL MICROSCOPY
HISTOPATHOLOGY
MICROBIOLOGY
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY