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NCU > Principles of Psychology Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Principles of Psychology Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Nervous System?

A

An extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body.

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2
Q

What is Neuroscience?

A

It deals with the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue; relationship to behavior and learning.

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3
Q

What are Neurons?

A

It is the basic cell that makes up the nervous system and receives and sends messages within that system.

Neurons must be turned ON and OFF.

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4
Q

What are the parts of a Neuron?

A

Dendrites: branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons.

Soma: the cell body of the neuron, responsible for maintaining the life of the cell.

Axon: long, tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other cells.

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5
Q

What are Glial cells?

A

They are grey fatty cells that:
–provide support for the neurons to grow on and around

–deliver nutrients to neurons

–produce myelin to coat axons

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6
Q

What is Myelin?

A

They are fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse.

–clean up waste products and dead neurons

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7
Q

What are Nerves?

A

They bundles of axons in the body that travel together through the body.

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8
Q

What are Ions and the 2 types of Ions?

A

They are charged particles.

  1. Inside neuron: negatively charged.
  2. Outside neuron: positively charged
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9
Q

What are the 2 types of Potential?

A
  1. Resting potential: the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse.
  2. Action potential: the release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon.

–allows positive sodium ions to enter the cell

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10
Q

What does the term All-or-None Mean?

A

A neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all.

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11
Q

What are Axon Terminals?

A

They are branches at the end of the axon.

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12
Q

What is a Synaptic Knob?

A

They are rounded areas on the end of axon terminals.

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13
Q

What are Synaptic Vesicles?

A

They are sack-like structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals.

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14
Q

What are Neurotransmitters?

A

They are chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell.

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15
Q

What are Synapse/synaptic gap?

A

Microscopic fluid-filled space between the rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell.

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16
Q

What are Receptor sites?

A

They are holes in the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters.

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17
Q

What is an Excitatory Neurotransmitter?

A

It is a neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to fire.

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18
Q

What is an Inhibitory Neurotransmitter?

A

It is a neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to stop firing.

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19
Q

What is Reuptake?

A

It is a process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles

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20
Q

What is an Enzyme?

A

It is a complex protein that is manufactured by cells.

One type specifically breaks up acetylcholine because muscle activity needs to happen rapidly; reuptake would be too slow.

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21
Q

What is the Central nervous system (CNS)?

A

It is part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

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22
Q

What is the Spinal Cord?

A

It is a long bundle of neurons that carries messages to and from the body to the brain that is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes.

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23
Q

What is a Sensory neuron?

A

It is also called an afferent neuron.

It is a neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system.

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24
Q

What are the 3 different types of neurons?

A

1.Sensory Neurons
2. Motor Neurons
3. Interneurons

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25
Q

What is a Motor neuron?

A

It is also called an efferent neuron.

a neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.

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26
Q

What is an Interneuron?

A

It is a neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the sensory neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the motor neurons.

–Interneurons also make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain.

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27
Q

What is Neuroplasticity?

A

It is the ability to constantly change both the structure and function of cell involved in trauma.

28
Q

What is the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

It is all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself divided into the:
1. Somatic nervous system
2. Autonomic nervous system

29
Q

What is the Somatic Nervous System?

A

The division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body.

30
Q

What is the Sensory Pathway?

A

They are nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons.

31
Q

What is the motor pathway?

A

They are the nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of motor neurons.

32
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

A

It is the division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands; sensory pathway nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons.

33
Q

What is Sympathetic Division (fight-or-flight system)?

A

The part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal.

34
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Division?

A

It is the part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands.

35
Q

What are Endocrine glands?

A

They are glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream.

36
Q

What are hormones?

A

They are chemicals released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands.

37
Q

What is the Pituitary gland?

A

It is the gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland).

38
Q

What are the 5 Endocrine Glands?

A
  1. Pineal gland: endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum that secretes melatonin
  2. Thyroid gland: endocrine gland found in the neck that regulates metabolism
    Pancreas: endocrine gland that controls the levels of sugar in the blood
  3. Gonads: the sex glands that secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction
    – ovaries: the female gonads
    – testes: the male gonads
  4. Adrenal glands: endocrine glands located on top of each kidney that secrete over thirty different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence
39
Q

What are the 3 Clinical Studies?

A
  1. Deep lesioning: insertion of a thin, insulated wire into the brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire.
  2. Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB): milder electrical current that causes neurons to react as if they had received a message.
  3. Human Brain Damage
40
Q

What is Electroencephalograph (EEG)?

A

The machine designed to record the brain wave patterns produced by electrical activity of the surface of the brain.

41
Q

What is Computed tomography (CT)?

A

It is brain-imaging method using computer-controlled X-rays of the brain.

42
Q

What is Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

A

It is brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain.

43
Q

What are the 4 Mapping Functions?

A
  1. Positron emission tomography (PET): brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain, with lighter colors indicating more activity.
  2. Functional MRI (fMRI): a computer makes a sort of “movie” of changes in the activity of the brain using images from different time periods.
  3. Electroencephalogram (EEG): records electric activity of the brain below specific areas of the skull.
  4. Single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT); similar to PET, but uses different radioactive tracers.
44
Q

What is the Medulla?

A

It is the first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain, which is responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate.

45
Q

What are the Pons?

an area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond; responsible for selective attention

A

The larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left–right body coordination, and arousal.

46
Q

What is the Reticular formation (RF)?

A

It is an area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond; responsible for selective attention.

47
Q

What is the Cerebellum?

A

It is the part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement.

48
Q

What is the Limbic system?

A

It is a group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation.

49
Q

What are the 3 different parts of the Limbic System?

A
  1. Thalamus: part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, this structure relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area.
  2. Olfactory Bulbs: two projections just under the front of the brain that receive information from the receptors in the nose located just below
    Structures under the Cortex
  3. Hypothalamus: small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland; responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex.
50
Q

What is the Master endocrine gland?

A

It sits above and controls the pituitary gland

51
Q

What is the Hippocampus:

A

It is the curved structure located within each temporal lobe; responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects.

52
Q

What is the Amygdala?

A

The brain structure located near the hippocampus; responsible for fear responses and the memory of fear.

53
Q

What is the Cortex?

A

It is the outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons; responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input.

54
Q

What is Corticalization?

A

It is the wrinkling of the cortex. It allows a much larger area of cortical cells to exist in the small space inside the skull.

55
Q

What are the Cerebral hemispheres?

A

They are the two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain.

56
Q

What is the Corpus callosum?

A

It is the thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

57
Q

What are the Four Lobes of the Brain?

A
  1. Occipital lobe: section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain.
    –primary visual cortex: processes visual information from the eyes.
    –visual association cortex: identifies and makes sense of visual information.
    • Parietal Lobes
      – sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations
       somatosensory cortex: area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes; responsible for processing information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, body position, and possibly taste
  • Temporal lobes: areas of the cortex located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech

– primary auditory cortex: processes auditory information from the ears

– auditory association cortex: identifies and makes sense of auditory information

  1. Functional Lobe
58
Q

What are the frontal lobes?

A

What are the areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain; responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech.

59
Q

What is the motor cortex?

A

It is the section of the frontal lobe located at the back; responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system.

60
Q

What are Association areas?

A

They are the areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing.

61
Q

What is the Broca’s aphasia?

A

It is the condition resulting from damage to Broca’s area (usually in left frontal lobe) causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly.

62
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

It is the condition resulting from damage to Wernicke’s area (usually in left temporal lobe) causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language.

63
Q

What is Spatial neglect?

A

It is the condition produced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere, resulting in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field.

64
Q

What is the Cerebrum?

A

It is the upper part of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres and the structures that connect them.

65
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Split Brain Research?

A
  1. study of patients with severed corpus callosum
  2. involves sending messages to only one side of the brain
  3. demonstrates right and left brain specialization
66
Q

What are the 2 sides of the brain and their functions?

A
  1. The left side of the brain seems to control language, writing, logical thought, analysis, and mathematical abilities; it processes information sequentially, and enables one to speak.
  2. The right side of the brain controls emotional expression, spatial perception, recognition of faces, patterns, melodies, and emotions; it processes information globally and cannot influence speech.

NCU (25 decks)

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