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NCU > Principles of Psychology Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Principles of Psychology Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Psychology?

A

It is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

What is Behavior?

A

It includes all of our outward or overt actions and reactions, such as talking, facial expressions, and movement.

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3
Q

What are Mental Processes?

A

They refer to all the internal, covert (hidden) activity of our minds, such as thinking, feeling, and remembering.

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4
Q

What are the Four Goals of Psychology?

A
  1. Description: What is Happening?
  2. Explanation: Why is it happening?
  3. Prediction: Will it happen again?
  4. Control: How can it be changed?
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5
Q

Who started Psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 in a laboratory in Germany

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6
Q

What is Objective Introspection?

A

It is the process of objectively examining and measuring one’s own thoughts and mental activities.

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7
Q

Who started Structuralism?

A

Wilhelm Wundt’s student, Edward Titchener.

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8
Q

What is Structuralism?

A

It is the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind. That every experience could be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations.

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9
Q

Who was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology?

A

Titchener’s Student, Margaret F. Washburn.

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10
Q

What book did Margaret F. Washburn release?

A

The Animal Mind in 1908.

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11
Q

Which school was the first in America to teach Psychology?

A

Harvard in the late 1870’s.

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12
Q

Who created Functionalism?

A

William James.

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13
Q

What is Functionalism?

A

It focuses focuses on how the mind allows people to work, play, and adapt to their surroundings.

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14
Q

Who created Gesalt Psychology?

A

Max Wertheimer

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15
Q

What does the word ‘Gesalt’ mean?

A

It is a German word meaning “an organized whole” or “configuration,” .

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16
Q

What is Gesalt Psychology?

A

It is early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures.

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17
Q

What is Cognitive Psychology?

A

It is a field focusing not only on perception but also on learning, memory, thought processes, and problem solving.

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18
Q

Who created Psychoanalysis?

A

It is the theory and therapy based on Sigmund Freud’s ideas.

Freud proposed existence of an unconscious mind into which we push, or repress, all of our threatening urges and desires.

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19
Q

What is Psychoanalysis?

A

It is emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts.

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20
Q

When does a person form their personality?

A

In the first 6 years of a person’s life.

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21
Q

Who created Behaviorism?

A

John B. Watson.

Watson proved that phobias are learned through the process of conditioning with an experiment with Little Albert: taught to fear a white rat.

22
Q

What is Behaviorism?

A

It is the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only.

23
Q

Who is Mary Cover Jones?

A

An early pioneer in behavior therapy.

24
Q

What are the 7 Modern Perspectives?

A
  1. Psychodynamic Perspective: modern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of motivations behind a person’s behavior other than sexual motivations.
  2. Behavioral Perspective: He developed a theory called operant conditioning, to explain how voluntary behavior is learnt.
  3. Humanistic Perspective: Emphasized the human potential, the ability of each person to become the best person he or she should be.
  4. Cognitive Perspective: It’s focused on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem solving, language, and learning.
  5. Sociocultural Perspective: combines two areas of study: a) social psychology, which is the study of groups, social roles, and rules of social actions and relationships.
    b) cultural psychology, which is the study of cultural norms.

Focuses on the relationships between social behavior and culture.

  1. Biopsychological Perspective: human and animal behavior is seen as biological events in the body. Such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system.
  2. Evolutionary Perspective: It focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share.
25
Q

What are the 4 types of Psychological Professionals?

A
  1. Psychiatric Social Worker: With training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse.
  2. Psychiatrist: Has a medical degree and is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment (including the prescription of medications) of psychological disorders.
  3. Psychologist: Has no medical training but has a doctorate degree. Psychologists undergo intense academic training, learning about many different areas of psychology before choosing a specialization.

Specialization includes: Clinical, counseling, developmental, social, and personality.

  1. Psychoanalyst: Either a Psychiatrist or a Psychologist who has special training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalyst.
26
Q

What is the Scientific Method?

A

It is the system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced.

27
Q

The 5 Steps of Scientific Methods

A
  1. Perceive the question.
  2. Form a hypothesis
  3. Test the hypothesis.
  4. Draw conclusions.
  5. Report your results
28
Q

The 2 types of Research

A
  1. Basic research is research for the sake of gaining scientific knowledge.
  2. Applied research, which is research aimed at answering real-world, practical problems.
29
Q

What are the 4 Descriptive Methods?

A
  1. Naturalistic Observation
  2. Survey
  3. Case Study
  4. Laboratory Observation
30
Q

What is Naturalistic Observation?

A

Watching animals or humans behave in their normal environment.

Advantage: realistic picture of behavior

Disadvantage: observer effect: tendency of people or
animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed.

31
Q

What is Laboratory Observation?

A

Watching animals or humans behave in a laboratory setting.

Advantages
– control over environment
– allows use of specialized

Disadvantage
– artificial situation that may result in artificial behavior.

32
Q

What is Case Study?

A

Study of one individual in great detail.

Advantage
▪ tremendous amount of detail

Disadvantage
▪ cannot apply to others

33
Q

What are Surveys?

A

Researchers will ask a series of questions about the topic under study.

Advantages
–data from large numbers of people
–study covert behaviors

Disadvantages
– Researchers have to ensure representative
sample or the results are not meaningful.
– People are not always accurate (courtesy
bias).

34
Q

What is Correlation?

A

A measure of the relationship between two variables.

35
Q

What is a Variable?

A

Anything that can change or vary.

36
Q

What are the 2 things correlation coefficient (r), represent:

A

▪ The direction of the relationship
▪ The strength of the relationship

37
Q

Where does the correlation coefficient ranges from?

A

-1.00 to +1.00.

– no correlation = 0.0
– perfect correlation = -1.00 or +1.00

38
Q

What are the two types of Correlaion?

A

Positive and Negative Correlation

39
Q

What is Positive correlation?

A

When the variables are related in the same direction

– As one increases, the other increases; as one decreases, the other decreases.

40
Q

What is Negative correlation?

A

When the variables are related in opposite direction

– As one increases, the other decreases.

41
Q

What is an Experiment?

A

It is a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see whether corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause and effect relationships.

42
Q

What is Operational Definition?

A

The definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured.

43
Q

What are the 2 variables in an experiment?

A

Independent Variable (IV): the variable in an experiment that is
manipulated by the experimenter

Dependent Variable (DV): the variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the
subjects in the experiment.

44
Q

What are the 2 groups for Experimens?

A

Experimental Group
– subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable.

Control Group
– Subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment
(controls for confounding variables).

45
Q

What is Random Assignment?

A

The process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so
that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group.

46
Q

What are the 2 Effects during an Experiment?

A

Placebo Effect
the phenomenon in which the expectations of
the participants in a study can influence their
behavior

47
Q

What are the 2 Effects during and Experiment?

A
  1. Placebo Effect
    The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their
    behavior.
  2. Experimenter Effect
    Tendency of the experimenter’s expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the
    results of the study.
48
Q

What are the 2 studies during an Experiment?

A
  1. Single-Blind Study
    Subjects do not know whether they are in the experimental or the control group (reduces
    placebo effect).
  2. Double-Blind Study
    Neither the experimenter nor the subjects know which subjects are in the experimental
    or control group (reduces placebo effect and experimenter effect).
49
Q

What are Quasiexperimental Designs?

A

Not considered true experiments because of the inability to randomly assign participants to
the experimental and control groups.

50
Q

What are Ethic Comittees?

A

Groups of psychologists or other professionals who look over each proposed research study
and judge it according to its safety and consideration for the participants in the study.

51
Q

What is Critical Thinking?

A

It is making reasoned judgments about claims.

NCU (25 decks)

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