Fundamentals of Nutrition Part 2 Chapter 5

Question 1

What are Cells?

Answer 1

Basic unit of living plant or animal organism.

• Contains genetic material, sites of energy production

❖ DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid
* Able to absorb compounds necessary for functioning

• Able to excrete waste products

Question 2

What are the 6 Body Systems?

Answer 2

1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Digestive
5. Cardiovascular
6. Lymphatic

Question 3

What does the Integumentary System consist of?

Answer 3

Main Parts:
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

Key Functions
Protection, temperature controls, water retention,
vitamin D production

Question 4

What does the Skeletal System consist of?

Answer 4

Main Parts:
Bones, cartilage, joints

Key Functions:
Protection, support, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage

Question 5

What does the Muscular System consist of?

Answer 5

Main Parts:
Muscles connected to skeletal system

Key Functions:
Movement

Question 6

What does the Digestive System consist of?

Answer 6

Main Parts
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines & accessory structures (liver, pancreas, gallbladder, salivary glands, tongue)

Key Functions:
Performs digestion & absorption of nutrients;
elimination of waste

Question 7

What does the Cardiovascular System consist of?

Answer 7

Main Parts:
Heart, blood. Blood vessels

Key Functions:
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, participates in body’s immune responses and temperature control

Question 8

What does the Lymphatic System consist of?

Answer 8

Main Parts:
Lymph vessels, lymph nodes

Key Functions:
Removes foreign substances from the blood & lymph,
maintains fluid balance in tissues and helps with fat
absorption which are too large to pass through blood capillaries pores

Question 9

What is the Circulatory System and which two body systems are apart of the Circulatory System?

Answer 9

Network of vessels that travels all over the body

1. Cardiovascular system:
   ❖Blood flows from left side of the heart to different parts of the body returns to right side of the heart.

❖Important for the distribution of nutrients to body’s cells, etc.

❖Capillary: smallest blood vessels; actual sites of transfer (nutrients etc).

Lymphatic System:
❖Capillary: smallest vessels; actual sites of transfer

Question 10

What are the 7 important Secretary Products?

Answer 10

Saliva

Mucus

Enzymes

Acid

Bile

Bicarbonate

Hormones

Question 11

Where is Saliva found and its purpose?

Answer 11

Mouth

Lubricant; initiates starch digestion

Question 12

Where is Mucus found and its purpose?

Answer 12

Mouth, stomach, small & large intestines

Lubricates; protects cells

Question 13

Where are Enzymes found and their purpose?

Answer 13

Mouth, stomach, small
intestines, pancreas

Aids in digestion of food into particles small enough to be absorbed into bloodstream

Question 14

Where is Acid found and its purpose?

Answer 14

Stomach

Aids in digestion of protein

Question 15

Where is Bile found its purpose?

Answer 15

Liver (stored in gallbladder)

Suspends fat in water to aid in fat digestion in the small intestines

Question 16

Where is Bicarbonate found and its purpose?

Answer 16

Pancreas, small intestines

Neutralizes stomach acid as it enters small intestines

Question 17

Where are Hormones found and their purpose?

Answer 17

Stomach, small intestines

Triggers the release &/or production of acid, enzymes, bile
bicarbonate; aids in peristalsis. eg. Gastrin, secretin, insulin,
cholecystokinin, glucagon

Question 18

What are the 2 types of nutrients?

Answer 18

Macronutrients and Micronutrients

Question 19

What are Macronutrients?

Answer 19

Macronutrients: the body needs to ingest them in large amounts (grams)

❖Provides energy
✓Water is the exception. It DOES NOT provide us with energy

❖Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats & oils), water

1. Carbohydrate: Sugar, staples, pastries, desserts, milk, fruits, peas,
   beans
2. Protein: Food from animals, milk, peas, beans
3. Lipid: fats or oils, mayonnaise, ackee, avocado, margarine, butter

Question 19

What are Micronutrients?

Answer 19

• Micronutrients: the body needs to ingest them in small amounts
  (milligrams)

❖They DO NOT provide us with energy

❖Vitamins & minerals

• Vitamins
  ❖A, D, E, K, B, C
  ❖Sources: fruits, vegetables
• Minerals
  ❖Examples: zinc, calcium, iron, sodium, potassium
  ❖Sources: meat, fish, poultry, vegetables, Food from animals

Question 20

What are Digestive Enzymes?

Answer 20

Brings specific chemicals together & creates an environment to start and complete a process

❖ Example: breaking down starch into smaller units (e.g. glucose, fructose)

Question 21

What is the Enzyme that exists in the Mouth and what does it do?

Answer 21

Salivary Amylase

Breaks down Starch into disaccharides

Question 22

What is the Enzyme that exists in the Stomach and what does it do?

Answer 22

Pepsin

Breaks down protein into large Peptides

Question 23

What are the Enzymes that exists in the Small Intestine (Pancreas) and what do they do?

Answer 23

Amylase: Continues the breakdown of Starch

Trypsin: Continues the breakdown of Protein

Lipase: Breaks down Fat

Question 24

What are the Enzymes that exists in the Small Intestine and what do they do?

Answer 24

Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase:
Breaks down the remaining disaccharides into monosaccharides.

Peptidase: Breaks down dipeptides into amino acids.

Question 25

What are 4 Common Digestive Issues?

Answer 25

1. GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD)
2. PEPTIC ULCER
3. Constipation
4. Hemorrhoids

Question 26

What is GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD)?

Answer 26

• Prolonged heartburn or upper chest pain about 2-3 times/week
• Lower esophageal sphincter relaxes abnormally
• Stomach acid flows back into esophagus
• Symptoms: nausea, cough, hoarseness

Question 27

What is a Peptic Ulcer?

Answer 27

• Erosion of the esophagus, stomach or small intestines by gastric acid
• Linked to Helicobacter pylori bacteria

Question 28

What is Constipation?

Answer 28

Decreased frequency and difficulty passing stool.

❖Delaying bowel movement

❖Dehydration

❖Eating insufficient amounts of fibre, vegetables, fruits

Question 29

What are Hemorrhoids?

Answer 29

They are swollen veins of the rectum & anus

❖Associated with intense pressure

❖Pregnancy, obesity, prolonged sitting, violent sneezing or coughing

Question 30

What are Prebiotics and what are Probiotics?

Answer 30

• Prebiotics: stimulates bacterial growth in the large intestines; food for good bacteria

❖Peas/beans, banana, oats, apple, nuts/seeds, leafy vegetables, yogurt

• Probiotics: live bacterial organisms the resides in the large intestines

❖Examples: yogurt with live culture, sauerkraut, kefir