principles of immunisation

Question 1

what are the Types of vaccine and their development

Answer 1

Killed (inactivated)
Attenuated
Sub-unit
toxoid

Question 2

what are the types of immunity

Answer 2

innate, adaptive

passive, active

Question 3

which immunity will have the memory of the infection

Answer 3

active

Question 4

what are the advantages of passive immunity

Answer 4

Gives immediate protection

A quick fix

Question 5

what are the disadvantages of passive immunity

Answer 5

Short term effect – no immunological memory
Serum sickness – incoming antibody is recognised as a foreign antigen by the recipient and results in anaphylaxis
Graft versus host disease (cell grafts only) – incoming immune cells reject the recipient

Question 6

what are advantages of active immnity

Answer 6

Antigen (whole organism or part of it) stimulates immune response
Long term immunity – may be lifelong
Immunological memory
No immediate effect, but faster and better response to next antigenic encounter

Question 7

advantages of subunit vaccines

Answer 7

Generally very safe

Easy to standardise

Question 8

disadvantages of subunit vaccines

Answer 8

Not very immunogenic without an effective adjuvant

Need to understand how to generate immunity

Question 9

what makes a good vaccine?

Answer 9

Potent antibody response – high antibody titers
Potent CD8+ cytotoxic T cell response
CD4+ T helper response
Memory

Question 10

what are the challenges facs vaccines

Answer 10

Conventional vaccines cannot elicit immunity against all infectious disease

Persistence – ideally vaccines should give life long protection

Generation of memory cells

Protection of vulnerable groups
The very young, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals

Antigenic shift and drift, and strain diversity in general
Bird and swine influenza pandemics

The cold chain network

Question 11

how many RNA strands does influenza have?

Answer 11

8

Question 12

what is the purpose of the cold chain network

Answer 12

to maintain product quality from the time of manufacture until the point of administration by ensuring that vaccines are stored and transported within WHO-recommended temperature ranges.

Question 13

are carbohydrates strong or poor antigens

Answer 13

poor

Question 14

Conjugation of the carbohydrate to a protein carrier makes them more

Answer 14

effective

Question 15

where are B cells from

Answer 15

bone marrow

Question 16

where does the supression of T cell activation occur?

Answer 16

lymph nodes

Question 17

what is CTLA-4

Answer 17

co-inhibitory molecule that functions to regulate T cell activation.