Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

principles of disease > acute inflammation > Flashcards

acute inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of acute inflammation

A

fundamental response maintaining integrity of organism
dynamic homeostatic mechanism
higher organisms
series of protective changes occurring in living tissue as a response to injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A 
rubor 	- redness
calor 	- heat
tumor 	- swelling
dolor 	- pain
loss of function
all of these explained by the sequence of Pathological events taking place
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causes - aetiology -

of acute inflammation

A

micro-organisms - bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites
pathogenic organisms cause infection
mechanical - trauma - injury to tissue
all injuries even sterile (eg surgery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Process of acute inflammation

A

series of microscopic events
localised to affected tissue
take place in the microcirculation
result in the clinical symptoms and signs of acute inflammation - the cardinal signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the microcirculation?

A

capillary beds, fed by arterioles and drained by venules
extracellular “space” and fluid and molecules within it
lymphatic channels and drainage
Starling forces control flow (fluid flux) across membrane
Q = LpS{(Pc - Pi) - (p - i)}
dynamic balance
hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures
compartments and physical constants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Steps - pathogenesis -

in acute inflammation

A

changes in vessel radius - flow
change in the permeability of the vessel wall - exudation
movement of neutrophils from the vessel to the extravascular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Effects of exudation

A

oedema formed
oedema is accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space
explains swelling of tissue in acute inflammation
swelling causes pain - reduce function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Resolution of acute inflammation - ideal outcome

A 
inciting agent isolated & destroyed
macrophages move in from blood and phagocytose debris; then leave
epithelial surfaces regenerate
inflammatory exudate filters away
vascular changes return to normal
inflammation resolves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Benefits of acute inflammation

A 
rapid response to non-specific insult
cardinal signs and loss of function
transient protection of inflamed area
neutrophils destroy organisms and denature antigen for macrophages
plasma proteins localise process
resolution and return to normal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Outcomes of acute inflammation

A

resolution
suppuration
organisation
chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is inflammation called in the periotoneal cavity

A

peritonitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is inflammation called in the meninges

A

meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is inflammation called in the appendix

A

appendicitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is inflammation called in the lungs

A

pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is inflammation called in the pleural cavity

A

pleurisy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

whats the function of neutrophils

A

mobile phagocytes

  • recognise foreign antigen
  • move towards it - chemotaxis
  • adhere to organism

granules possess oxidants (eg H2O2) and enzymes (eg proteases)

release granule contents

phagocytose & destroy foreign antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens when neutrophils die

A

they die when granule contents are released, it produces a soup fluid (pus) and can extend to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

whats the role of plasma proteins in inflammation

A

fibrinogen - coagulation factor - forms fibrin and clots exudate - localises inflammatory process

immunoglobulins in plasma specific for antigen - humoural immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the Mediators of acute inflammation

A

molecules on endothelial cell surface membrane
molecules released from cells
molecules in the plasma
molecules inside cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

whats the effects of mediators

A 
vasodilatation
increased permeability
neutrophil adhesion
chemotaxis
itch and pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where do adhesion molecules appear on?

A

endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when are 5- hydroxytryptamine released?

A

when platelets degranulate in coagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why is histamine released

A

as a result of local injury

24
Q

does histamine or 5-hydroxytryptamine cause vasodilation

A

histamine causes vasidilation and 5 hydro causes vasoconstriction

25
Q

whats the function of prostglandins

A

many promote histamine effects and inhibit inflammatory cells

26
Q

what are cytokines and chemokines and how are they produced?

A

small molecules produced by macrophages, lymphocytes, endothelium in response to inflammatory stimuli

27
Q

are cytokines and chemokinespro inflammatry or anti?

A

both

28
Q

whata the function of nitrogn oxide when its been released

A

smooth muscle relaxation, anti-platelet and regulated leukocyte recruitment to inflammatry focus

29
Q

what releases oxygen free radicals (H2O2, OH-, O2-)

and what is there function

A

released by neutrophils on phagocytosis

amplify other mediator effects

30
Q

what are the three intracellular inflammatory pathways

A

NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B) pathway

MAPK (mitoger-activated protein kinase0

JAK-STAT (Janus kinase – signal transducer and activator to transcription) pathway

31
Q

whats the function of the MAPK (mitoger-activated protein kinase0 pathway?
and NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B) pathway

A

Regulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory cell recruitment

32
Q

whats the function of JAK-STAT (Janus kinase – signal transducer and activator to transcription) pathway

A

Direct translation of extracellular signal to molecular expression

33
Q

what are the four enzyme cascades in the plasma

A

blood coagulation pathways
fibrinolysis
kinin system
complement cascade

34
Q

whats the function of blood coagulation pathways

A

clots fibrinogen in exudate

interacts widely with other systems

35
Q

whats the function of fibrinolysis

A

breaks down fibrin, helps maintain blood supply

fibrin breakdown products vasoactive

36
Q

whats the function of kinin system

A

bradykinin: pain

37
Q

whats the function of complement cascade

A

ties inflammation with immune system

active components stimulate increased permeability, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, cell breakdown

38
Q

what is pyrexia and what is it a side effect of

A

raised temperature endogenous pyrogens from white cells act centrally

side effect of inflammation

39
Q

whats three side effects of inflammation

A

pyrexia
feel unwell
neutrophilia - raised white cell count

40
Q

what are outcomes of acute inflammation

A

pus formation

pyogenic membrane surrounds pus

41
Q

what is multiloculated abscess

A

pus that bursts through pyogenic membrane and forms new cavities

42
Q

what is empyema

A

gathering of pus in pleural cavity

43
Q

what is pyaemia

A

discharge to bloodstream

44
Q

what are granulation tissue formed of?

A

new capillaries - angiogenesis
fibroblasts and collagen
macrophages

45
Q

what is dissemination in an outcome of acute inflammation

A

its spread

46
Q

define the terms septic

A

spread to bloodsteam

47
Q

define the terms bacteraemia

A

bacteria in blood

48
Q

define the terms septicaemia

A

growth of bacteria in blood

49
Q

define the terms toxaemia

A

toxic products in blood

50
Q

what are the Effects of systemic infection

A 
shock - inability to perfuse tissues
clinical picture of early septic shock
-peripheral vasodilatation
-tachycardia - high heart rate
-hypotension - low blood pressure
-often pyrexia
-sometimes haemorrhagic skin rash
51
Q

whats the pathogenisis of septic shock

A

bacterial endotoxin released

activation of coagulation

52
Q

whats the function of bacterial endotoxin being released released in the tratment of septic shock

A

interleukin-1 released

acts on hypothalamus - pyrexia

53
Q

whats the function of activation of coagulation in the tratment of septic shock

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation
vasoactive chemical - vasodilatation
haemorrhagic skin rash

54
Q

what happens when compensation fails?

A

raised HR insufficient to maintain cardiac output

SVR low; so BP falls

reduced perfusion of tissues

55
Q

what are the outcomes of septic shock

A

rapidly fatal
tissue hypoxia - cell death
haemorrhage
requires urgent intervention and support

principles of disease (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions