commonly used agents

Question 1

what does Benzyl penicillin treat

Answer 1

Gram positive organisms

Intravenous treatment of pneumococcal, meningococcal and Strep pyogenes infection

Question 2

what does Amoxicillin, ampicillin

treat

Answer 2

Gram negative activity
(20-30% of coliform now resistant).
oral absorption
It covers streptococci and some coliforms

Question 3

what does Co-amoxiclav

treat

Answer 3

(amoxicillin +
β-lactamase enzyme inhibitor: clavulanic acid).
Exented spectrum to cover
β-lactamase producing coliforms

Question 4

what does Flucloxacillin treat

Answer 4

Resistant to staphylococcal β-lactamase action.
First choice treatment for
staphylococcal infections

Question 5

what does Piperacillin treat

Answer 5

Extended gram negative cover. 
Activity against Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas. Anti-anaerobic activity, 
(intra-abdominal infection).
Combination with the β-lactamase 
inhibitor tazobactam

Question 6

what does Imipenem, meropenem

treat

Answer 6

close relatives of the penicillins (carbapenems).
All active against most bacteria,
including anaerobes.

Question 7

what gram is Cephalosporins used for

Answer 7

gram negative organisms

Question 8

are aminoglycans used orallly or parenterally

Answer 8

parenterally

Question 9

what gram is aminoglycan used for

Answer 9

negative

Question 10

what gram is Glycopeptides used for

Answer 10

only gram positive organisms,

Question 11

what are macrolides agaoinst

Answer 11

gram positive organisms.

Question 12

what gram is Quinolones used for

Answer 12

against nearly all gram negative

Question 13

what gram is Miscellaneous

used for

Answer 13

both

Question 14

what is linezolid used for?

Answer 14

activity against mrsa

Question 15

hwo can linezoild be taken?

Answer 15

orally

Question 16

what gram is daptomycin used for

Answer 16

positive

Question 17

what agents are used for UTIs

Answer 17

Nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin

Question 18

what gram is Nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin used for

Answer 18

negative

Question 19

what does adverse reactions depend on?

Answer 19

dose and duration

Question 20

what are gastrointestinal side effects

Answer 20

nausea and vomiting

Question 21

how are adverse reactions prevented

Answer 21

Antimicrobials should be used only when indicated

and in the minimum dose and duration necessary to achieve efficacy.

Question 22

what factors affect the antibiotics

Answer 22

age, renal function, liver function, pregnancy

Question 23

what are the three possible putcomes of when antimicrobrials are used in combination

Answer 23

Their effects are additive.

They are antagonistic and their combined effect is less
than the sum of their individual contributions.

They are synergistic and their combined effect is greater
Than the sum of their individual contributions.

Question 24

what will result in the combination of one cidal and one static drug

Answer 24

antagonism

Question 25

what are the reasons for monitoring serum levels of an antimicrobial

Answer 25

To ensure that therapeutic levels have been achieved.

To ensure that levels are not so high as to be toxic.

Question 26

whats the simplest way of measuring MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of one antibiotic against one organisms is with

Answer 26

E - test