immunity

Question 1

what are the 5 host defence mechanisms

Answer 1

Innate immunity
Phagocytic mechanisms
Acquired immunity
Antibody and complement
Cell mediated immunity

Question 2

what is innate immunity

Answer 2

nonspecific defence mechanisms like physical barriers such as skin and phagocytic cells

Question 3

what are the three types of polymorphs

Answer 3

neutrophils, eosinophils ad basophils

Question 4

what is opsonisation

Answer 4

bacteria is targeted for destruction by an immune cell known as phagocyte

Question 5

when do B-lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells

Answer 5

when they recogise a specific epitope

Question 6

what do antibodys in innfection do?

Answer 6

neutralises bacterial toxins (e.g. tetanus, diphtheria)
neutralises viruses in viraemic stage
prevents adherence of microorganisms
opsonises capsulate organisms (Strep pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae)
useful means of diagnosis (serology)

Question 7

what is humoral immunity

Answer 7

mostly bacterial infection
extra-cellular
acute inflammation
neutrophilia

Question 8

what do Th1 cells do

Answer 8

activate macrophages to ingest and kill or contain pathogen

Question 9

what do monocytes in blood mature into?

Answer 9

tissue macrophages

Question 10

what are macrophages?

Answer 10

white blood cells that engulf foreign cells

Question 11

are lymphocytes phagocytic?

Answer 11

no

Question 12

whats the difference between lymphocytes and phagocytes

Answer 12

lymphocytes generate specific immune responses against pathogens whereas phagocytes generate the same response to any pathogen.

and phagocytes can be macrophages, neutrophils etc

Question 13

what is phagolysome?

Answer 13

cytoplasmic body formed by the fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome in a process that occurs during phagocytosis.

Question 14

what is the function of phagolyosome

Answer 14

intracellular destruction of microorganisms and patho

Question 15

what kind of organisms are resistant to phagocytosis

Answer 15

capsulate organisms for eg, strep pneumoniae

Question 16

what kind of organisms are resistant to intra-cellular killing?

Answer 16

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 17

whats the difference between innate and acquired immunity

Answer 17

Adaptive immunity is created in response to exposure to a foreign substance

innate immune system is composed of physical and chemical barriers, phagocytic leukocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and plasma proteins.

Question 18

what are the protiens with antibody activity?

Answer 18

immunoglobins (Ig)

Question 19

what are the 5 classes of immunoglobins?

Answer 19

Primary response (IgM)
Secondary response (IgG) 
Mucosal immunity (IgA)
Allergy and helminth infection (IgE)

Question 20

what does polyclonal antibody mean?

Answer 20

multiple specificty

Question 21

what antibodys are involved in complement?

Answer 21

IgG or IgM

primary or secondary

Question 22

what do TH2 cells do?

Answer 22

control B cell antibody response

Question 23

what are the two types of CD4 cells

Answer 23

Th1 and Th2