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Part 2 boards > Principles > Flashcards

Principles Flashcards

1
Q

neuropathophysiology

A

biomechanical insult to nerve tissue is proposed to cause neural dysfunction in 3 forms, individually or in combination
includes: irritation, compression, decreased axoplasmic transport

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2
Q

irritation

A

sustained hyperactivity

results in facilitation

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3
Q

anterior horn irritation

A

hypertonicity or spasm of muscles
irritation- hypertonicity/spasm
compression- atrophy

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4
Q

lateral horn irritation

A

which exhibited as vasomotor changes, sudomotor cheanges, includes hypersympaatheticotonia
irritation- sympathetic vasomotor
compresssion- sympathetic atonia

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5
Q

posterior horn irritation

A

sensory changes
irritation- hyperesthesia
compression- anesthesia

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6
Q

compression/mechanical insult

A

includes pressure, stretching, angulation, or distortion
in the IVF results in decreased axoplasmic flow
exhibits as muscle atrophy, anesthesia, sympathetic atonia

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7
Q

decreased axoplasmic transport

A

alters development, growth and maitenance of cells or structures that are dependant on this trophic (growth) influence expressed via the nerve

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8
Q

kinesiopathophysiology

A

described as hypomobility, diminished or absent joint play, or segmental hypermobility due to compression

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9
Q

lack of appropriate joint motion is proposed to be associated with?

A

a variety of nociceptive and mechanoreceptive reflex functions that include proprioception

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10
Q

early manifestation of a chronically fixated vertebral articulation?

A

shortening of ligaments as an adaptation to limited ROM

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11
Q

what is directly affected by the chiropractic adjustment?

A

kinesiopathophysiology

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12
Q

myopathology

A

may include spasm or hypertonicity of muscles as a result of compensation, facilitation, Hilton’s law, or any combination

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13
Q

acute myopathology

A

spasm

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14
Q

chronic myopathology

A

atrophy

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15
Q

Hilton’s law

A

nerve supplying a joint also supplies the muscles which moves a joint and the skin covering the articular insertion of those muscles

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16
Q

histopathology

A

relates to inflammation, including pain, heat and swelling

can result from trauam, hypermobile irritation or can occur as a part of the repair process

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17
Q

5 signs of inflammation

A 
rubor
calor
tumor
dolor
functiolaesa
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18
Q

pathophysiology (biochrmical)

A

hormonal and chemical effects or imbalances
stress syndrome
pro-inflammatory
end result of the VSC of disease

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19
Q

somatosomatic

A

reflexes whose afferents and efferents are somatic nerve fibers
stimulus at one level of muscukoskeletal system produces relfex activity in the nervous system, which is then exhibited elsewhere in the musculoskeletal system

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20
Q

example of somatosomatic

A

knee jerk reflex
muscle spasm
tendon, fascia, pain, subluxation, adjustment

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21
Q

viscerovisceral

A

reflexes whose afferent and efferents are visceral sensory and autonomic nerve fibers
AKA visceroautonomic

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22
Q

example of viscerovisceral

A

kidney insuficiency leading to HTN

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23
Q

somatovisceral

A

AKA somatoautonomic
relfexes whose afferents are somatic sensory fibers and whose efferents are autonomic efferent fiers
stimulus to nerves or receptors related to spinal structures produces reflexive responses influencing function in the visceral organs

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24
Q

somatovisceral example

A

spinal adjusting may be effective for relieving pain and distress of primary dismenorrhea is an example of this reflex ar

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25
Q

viscerosomatic

A

relfexes whose afferents are visceral sensory fibers and whose efferents are somatic motor nerve fibers

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26
Q

example of viscerosomatic

A

respiratory or digestive dysfunction such as asthma or colic may cause reflex disturbances in the spine leading to muscle tension and joint subluxation

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27
Q

somatic

A

refers to skin, bone muscle or nerve

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28
Q

visceral (autonomic)

A

organs, blood, lymph

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29
Q

psycho

A

thinking about something

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30
Q

where does the gate theory of control occur?

A

substantia gelatinosa

31
Q

what does the degree of opening/closedness of the gate depend on?

A

the spinal cord

32
Q

type A beta afferent fibers

A

greatly depress (inhibit) the pain that travels on type C and A delta fibers

33
Q

pain fibers terminate where?

A

dorsal horn of spinal cord in substantia gelatinosa

34
Q

when in the substantia gelatinosa, when mechanoreceptor axons terminate, what does that cause?

A

pretynaptic inhibition

35
Q

vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency hypothesis

A

cervical intervertebral subluxations may cause deflection or compression of the vertebral arteries, which alters cerebral circulation

36
Q

symptoms of VBAI

A 
5Ds and 3Ns
diploplia
dizziness
drop attacks
dysarthria
dysphagia
ataxia of gait
nausea
numbness on one side of the face/body
nystagmus
37
Q

most common location for compression of the certebral artery is?

A

over the posterior arch of C1

38
Q

what causes the most compression to the vertebral artery?

A

rotation and extension of C1 and C2

39
Q

what is considered the significant neuologic disorder accompanying vertebral subluxations?

A

spinal nerve root compression

axoplasmic transport

40
Q

how were spinal subluxations hypothesized to induce NR compression?

A

as a result of direct anatomic compression of neural elements within the IVF

41
Q

what predisposes someone to NR compression

A

degenerative changes of the bony structures in the IVF

42
Q

bone on nerve causes what?

A

pain in dermatomal patterns
decreased DTR
paresthesia
muscle atrophy

43
Q

what do the nerve rootlets lack?

A

epineural covering of the NRs as they exit the IVF

44
Q

what are the nerve rootlets more susceptible to?

A

pressure
inflammation
ischemia

45
Q

what lies within the IVF?

A

DRG

46
Q

axoplasmic transport

A

non-impulse mechanism based not on transmission of signals along the surface of the neuron but rather on the intra-axonal transport and exchange of macromolecular materials

47
Q

trophic substances

A

chemicals transported by axoplasmic transport

48
Q

what is essential for maintenance of proper tissue function

A

trophic substances

49
Q

what does trophic function influence

A

the development and maintenance of chemiccal changes in cells supplied by the nerve

50
Q

describe how the chemicals move in axoplasmic flow

A

carried the full length of the axon to the terminals, after which materials from the terminals are returned to the cell body for reprocessing

51
Q

is axoplasmic flow slow or fast?

A

slow

52
Q

anterograde axoplasmic transport

A

forward moving cell body to terminal
nerve growth (troophic)
faster
more common

53
Q

retrograde axoplasmic flow

A

backward moving
brings products/wastes to cell body
slower
less common

54
Q

clinical implications of axoplasmic transport

A

any factor causing derangement of transport mechanisms in the axon could cause trophic influences to become detrimental

55
Q

alteraltions in axoplasmic transport produce what?

A

aberrations of structure, function and metabolism

contributes to dysfunction and disease

56
Q

compressive myelopathy/cord comrpession refers to?

A

descruction of spinal cord tissue caused by pressure from neoplasms, hematomas, congenital defects, extreme trauma

57
Q

facilitation hypothesis AKAs

A 
fixation theory
segmental facilitation
segmental hypothesis
gamma motor gain
proprioceptive insult
sympatheticotonia
58
Q

segmental facilitation

A

lowered threshold for firing in a spinal cord segment as a result of afferent bombardment associated with spinal lesions

59
Q

Korr focused on muscle spindles as what?

A

coordinator that may increase or decrease muscle contraction according to the direction of motion of the joint

60
Q

facilitation

A

continuous firing of nociception makes it easier to get to the brain

61
Q

propriceptive insult

A

constant bombardment of nociception lowers the threshold for firing in the segment

62
Q

Korr explained that a vertebra could be “stuck”, but also have normal range of motion, why?

A

due to muscle spasm producing hypomobility and nociception

63
Q

neurodystrophic hypothesis

A

spinal biomechanical insult to nerves may affect intra-neural axoplasmic transport mechanisms and, in turn, affect the quality of neurotrophic influence and molecular (chemical) changes in cells

64
Q

neural dysfunction causes lowered tissue resistance, which does what?

A

modified the immune responses and alter the trophic function of the inolved nerves

65
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

exposure under optimum conditions, the body can respond to various stressors by adapting to them

66
Q

distress

A

negative stress

67
Q

eustress

A

positive stress

68
Q

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis system

A

system whereby the body copes with stress

69
Q

stages of adaptation

A

alarm
resist
adapt
exhaust

70
Q

alarm stage

A

upon encoutering a stressor, body reacts with fight or flight response and sympathetic nervous system is acvivated
hormones such as cortisol and adrenalin released into the blood stream to meet the threat or danger
body’s resources are mobilized

71
Q

resistance

A

parasympathetic NS returns many physiological function to normal levels while body focuses resources against the stressor
blood glucose levels remain high, cortisol and adrenalin continue to circulate at elevated levels, but outward appearance of organism seems normal
increase HR, BP, breathing
body remains on red alert

72
Q

exhaustion

A

stressor continues behond body’s capasity, organsim exhausts resources and becomes susceptible to disease and death

73
Q

response to stress is coordinated by?

A

neuroendocrine mechanism

Part 2 boards (19 decks)

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