Principles 3

Question 1

soma

Answer 1

cell body

Question 2

dendrite

Answer 2

etends from body
receives signal information from local environment
associated with receptors that are designed to sense specific stimuli or react to specific chemical transmitters

Question 3

axon

Answer 3

signals which travel as action postentials are generated here

Question 4

action potential

Answer 4

summation of signals received from dendrites, which can either be stimulatory or inhibitory
when it reaches the end of the axon it causes the release of a neurotransmitter

Question 5

2 factors for action potential speed?

Answer 5

diameter and degree of myelination

Question 6

oligodendrocytes

Answer 6

produce myelin in CNS

multiple sclerosis is demyelination of oligodendrocytes

Question 7

schwann cells

Answer 7

insulate nerve fibers; produce myelin in PNS

guillian-barre (demyelination of PNS)

Question 8

describe DRG pathway

Answer 8

cell bodies in DRG
each DRG contains peripheral process, which extends to the periphery along the path taken by the spinal nerve and its branches, and a central process, which etends into the CNS as the dorsal root of the spinal nerve

Question 9

mechanoreceptors

Answer 9

touch, hearing

detect pressure, lengthening, compression, tension

Question 10

thermoreceptors

Answer 10

temperature

Question 11

nociceptors

Answer 11

pain

Question 12

chemoreceptors

Answer 12

smell, taste

Question 13

electromagnetic

Answer 13

vision

Question 14

alpha motor neurons

Answer 14

innervate and activate skeletal muscle fiber through myoneural junction
large diameter, fast conducting
acetylcholine

Question 15

gamma motor neurons

Answer 15

innervate intrafusal muscle fibers which are a component of muscle spindles
establish a set point for muscle tone

Question 16

type 1 receptors

Answer 16

confined to the outer layers of the joint capsule and are stimulated by active or pasive joint motion

Question 17

describe the firing rate and threshold for type 1 receptors

Answer 17

firing rate is inhibited with joint approximation

low threshold, making them very sensitive to movement

Question 18

stimulation of type 1 is involved with?

Answer 18

reflex modulation of posture, as well as movement, through conttant monitoring of outer joint tension
perception of posture and movements
inhibition of flow from pain receptors via enkephalin synaptiv interneuron transmitter
tonic effects on LMN pools involved in neck, limbs, jaw and eye muscles

Question 19

type 2 mechanoreceptors

Answer 19

found within the deeper layers of joint capsule. low threshold and stimulated with minor changes in tension wihin the inner joint
adapt rappidly and quicly cease firing when the joint stops moving
completely inactive in immobilized joints

Question 20

functions of type 2 mechanoreceptors

Answer 20

monitor direction of movement
creaste a relfex effect on segmental muscle tone, providing a “braking mechanism” against movement that overdisplaces the joint
recognize potensially harmful movements

Question 21

type 4 receptors

Answer 21

composed of a network of free nerve endings, as well as unmyelinated fibers.
pain perception, itch and tickle
close to mechanoreceptors
high threshold, completely unactive in the physiologic joint

Question 22

basic function of type 4 receptors

Answer 22

evocation of pain
tonic effects on neck, limb, jaw, eye muscles
central relfex connections for pain inhibition
central relfex connections for a myriad of autonomic effects

Question 23

gate theory

Answer 23

when mechanoreceptors function correctly, nociceptors are inhibited
when mechanoreceptors function incorrectly, nociceptors are inhibited les

Question 24

rubrospinal

Answer 24

muscle tone and synergy to proximal flexors of the upper extremities

Question 25

reticulospinal

Answer 25

muscle tone and synergy to the voluntary extensor muscles of the bacck and arms

Question 26

tectospinal tract

Answer 26

neck extensor muscles and eye muscle

Question 27

vestibulospinal tract

Answer 27

extensor muscles of back and legs

balances reflexes and postural muscles

Question 28

corticospinal (pyramidal)

Answer 28

voluntary motor

flexors of teh hands and feet

Question 29

lateral vs ventral spinothalamic tract

Answer 29

lateral: pain and temperature
ventral: crude touch and pressure

Question 30

dorsal columns medial lemniscus

Answer 30

carry conscious proprioception

vibration, joint position sense, 2 point discrimination

Question 31

receptors of dorsal columns medial lemniscus

Answer 31

meissner’s/merkel
pacinian
ruffini

Question 32

meissner’s merel’s

Answer 32

touch

Question 33

pacinian

Answer 33

vibration

Question 34

ruffini

Answer 34

joint postion sense

Question 35

spinocerebellar pathway

Answer 35

carry unconscious proprioception
muscle spindle cell: type 1a fibers- stretch
golgi tendon organ: type 1b fibers- tension

Question 36

describe how the adjustment affects the a alpha 1b golgi tendons. what happens after that?

Answer 36

stimulate the a alpha 1b golgi tendons

postsynaptic inhibition of the alpha motor neurons (innervate skeletal muscles) due to fast stretch on the tendon

Question 37

how does the adjustment affect the pain gait?

Answer 37

closes the pain gate by sending proprioceptive message to the CNS on the large type A fibers

Question 38

describe the other stuff that is affected by the adjustment

Answer 38

increase mechanoreceptor bombardment (closes pain gate) touch can decrease pain
break up adhesions
increase mobility/motion
improve neurological function

Question 39

C1

Answer 39

global function systemic effects

Question 40

C2/3

Answer 40

tonsils

Question 41

T1-4

Answer 41

heart and lung

Question 42

T4

Answer 42

gallbladder

Question 43

T5-9

Answer 43

stomach

Question 44

T6-10

Answer 44

liver, pancreas, gallbladder

Question 45

T10-12

Answer 45

kidney

Question 46

L1-2

Answer 46

ovary, colon (sympatheticallly driven)

Question 47

sacrum

Answer 47

colon, uterus

parasympathetically driven