Principles 5 Flashcards
afferent
sensory impulses from the periphery to the posterior horn of the spinal cord
allodynia
perception of pain from normally non-painful stimulus
ankylosis
pathological fusion of bones across a joint
anterior motion segment
made up of any two vertebral bodies and an intervertebral disc
weight bearing
axonotmesis
type 2 nerve injury
disruption of not only the myelin sheath, but the axon as well
epineurium and perineurium remain intact
still some continuity within the nerve
wallerian degeneration
axonotmesis eventually turns into this
a process whereby the part of the axon that is separated from the neuronal cell body disintegrates distal to theinjury
prognosis for wallerian degernation
fair
recovery may require months
wallerian degeneration is commonly seen in?
crush injuries and displaced bone fractures
bradykinin
released from damaged muscle tissue; inflammatory process and sensitizes nociceptors
Cfibers
small, slow, non-myelinated nerves carrying pain sensation; nociceptors
creep
a progressive deformation of a structure under a constant, steadily applied load
when a load is applied to a viscoelastic structure, it immediately deforms under the load
dorsal rami
innervates the skin and instrinsic muscles of the back
dermatogenous pain pattern
seen in nerve root compression; pain pattern follows course of a dermatome; sharp or burning pain; radicular pain
efferent
motor impulses from the antrerior orn of the spinal ord to the periphery
elasticity
teendency of tissue under load to return to its original size and shape after removal of the load. rubber bands and ligaments are examples
endoneurium
CT that surrounds individual nerve fibers
epineurium
CT that surrounds entire nerve and its major branches
facets
responsible for direction of motion (directional guidance)
facilitation
increase in afferent stimuli causes a decreased threshold for firing. continued stimulation results in hyperactive responses
golgi tendon organ
receptors located at the end of muscle that detect muscle tension. inibits muscle contraction when stimulated
homeopathy
treats patients with heavily diuted preparations (fromarily from plant and mineral sources) which are though to cause effects similar to the symptoms presented
hyperemia
presence of excess blood in vessels supplying a particular region of the body hyper-active responses (hypersympatheticotonia
hysteresis
refers to the loss of energy when the disc or other viscoelastic structures are subjected to repetitive cycles of loading and unloading. it is the abdorption or dissipation of energy by a distorted structure
example of hysteresis
jumping up and down, the shock energy is absorbed by the discs on its way from the feet to the head
meniscoid
intraarticular synovial tabs; may prevent a joint from having full mobility
motion segment
functional unit ofhe spine consisting of two vertebral boies, the disc in between those bodies, the articular facets, as well as ligaments binding the two vertebrae to one another. the veryebral bodies and the disc make up the antieror motion segment while the posterior motion segment consists of the articular facets
muscle spindle
a receptor that is sensitive to the length (stretch) of intrafusal fibers
neurapraxia
type I nerve injury
involves a reverible conduction block characterized by local ischemia and selective demyliation of the axon sheath. the azon’s continuity is retined and although conduction across the nerve injury is inhibited, conduction within the nerve both proximal and distal to the lesion remains intact.
prognosis for neurapraxia
good
recovery occurs within weeks to months
wrist drop secondary to prolonged external pressure that compresses the radial nerve at the spiral groove of the humerus is a clinical example
neurotmesis
type III nerve injury
most severe form of nerve injury, associated with coprete nerve division and disruption of endoneurium
poor prognosis
what all is injured in neurotmesis
axon
myelin sheath
CT
nociceptor
sensory receptors sensitive to apin
osteopathy
focus was on the “rule of the artery” and the use of nonspecific manipulation to enhance the flow of the blood
perineurium
CT that surrounds smaller bundles of nerve fibers
plasticity
property of a material that instatly deforms when a load is applied and does not retun to its original shape when the load is removed (ex: bone)
posteiror motion segment
articular facets; responsible for directional guidance; mechanorectpros and niciceptors sorround posterior motion segment
proprioceptors
receptors in muscles, tendons and joints that detect postiion and motion of the body
sclerotogenous pain pattern
pain originating from a sclerotome. commonly seen in njury to the facets or SIjoint. pain is dull in nature
poorly localized
(bone on bone pain, not below knee)
sinuvertebral nerve (recurrent meningeal nerve)
recurrent branches of the primary dorsal rami of the spinal nerves that innervate the fascia, ligaments, periosteum, intervertebral joints and intervertebral disc of the vertebrae
goes to PLL, ligamentum flavum, anterior dura but NOTto the ALL
somatic
essentially refers to skin, bone, nerve and muscle
trophic
related to growth and nutrition
vertebbral ateries
run through the transverse foramina of the cerival vertebra
obstruction of transverse foramina may lead to vertebra artery insufficiency
ventral rami
innervate the skin and msucles of the trunk and limbs
viscera
essentially refers to autonomic organs, blood and lymph vessels
vitalism
principle thtat maintinas laws of physics and chemistry cannot explain the nature of life
holism
all properties of a given system cannot be determined or explained by its parts alone
wolff’s law
bone is shaped by forces plated on it or lack of force (immobilization)
hilton’s law
trunk of a nerve sends branches to aprticular muscle, the joint moved by the muscle and skkin overlying the insertion of a muscle.
altered nerve activity to a muscle may be associated with altered nerve activity to the segmentally related spinal joints
heuter-volkman’s law
increased epiphyseal pressure leads to decreased growth and vice versa
bell magendie
anterior horn of the cord is motor while the posterior horn is sensory
sherrington’s law
reciprocal inhibition
one muscle relaxes as antagonist contracts
davis’s law
soft tissue models along imposed demands
muscle lengthens if stretched
capsular
firm but givin
resistance builds with lenthening; like stretching a piece of leather
example of capuslar
close-packed postion of the joint
external rotation of the shoulder
abnormal: capsular fibrosis (frozen shoulder)
ligamentous
palpated as abrupt hard block with no end play with a normal ROM
example of ligamentous
knee extension
abnormal: chronic whiplash
soft tissue approximation
giving, squeezing quality; results from approximation of soft tissue
typically painless
example of soft tissue approximation
elbow flexion
abnormal: muscle hypertorphy, soft tissue swelling
bony
hard, non-giving abrupt stop as 2 surfaces meet
example of bony
elbow extension
abnormal: bony exostosis
muscle spasm
guarded, reisted by muscle contraction
muscle reaction should be felt
the end feel canot be assessed because of pain or guarding
example of muscle spasm
hypermobility/istability
empty
normal end feel resistance is missing
end feel is not encountered at normal point or the joint demonstrates unsual give
pain is felt before full ROM is achieved
interarticular
bouncy, springy quality
example of interarticular
meniscal tear, joint mice
