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Part 2 boards > Principles 5 > Flashcards

Principles 5 Flashcards

1
Q

afferent

A

sensory impulses from the periphery to the posterior horn of the spinal cord

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2
Q

allodynia

A

perception of pain from normally non-painful stimulus

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3
Q

ankylosis

A

pathological fusion of bones across a joint

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4
Q

anterior motion segment

A

made up of any two vertebral bodies and an intervertebral disc
weight bearing

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5
Q

axonotmesis

A

type 2 nerve injury
disruption of not only the myelin sheath, but the axon as well
epineurium and perineurium remain intact
still some continuity within the nerve

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6
Q

wallerian degeneration

A

axonotmesis eventually turns into this

a process whereby the part of the axon that is separated from the neuronal cell body disintegrates distal to theinjury

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7
Q

prognosis for wallerian degernation

A

fair

recovery may require months

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8
Q

wallerian degeneration is commonly seen in?

A

crush injuries and displaced bone fractures

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9
Q

bradykinin

A

released from damaged muscle tissue; inflammatory process and sensitizes nociceptors

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10
Q

Cfibers

A

small, slow, non-myelinated nerves carrying pain sensation; nociceptors

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11
Q

creep

A

a progressive deformation of a structure under a constant, steadily applied load
when a load is applied to a viscoelastic structure, it immediately deforms under the load

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12
Q

dorsal rami

A

innervates the skin and instrinsic muscles of the back

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13
Q

dermatogenous pain pattern

A

seen in nerve root compression; pain pattern follows course of a dermatome; sharp or burning pain; radicular pain

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14
Q

efferent

A

motor impulses from the antrerior orn of the spinal ord to the periphery

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15
Q

elasticity

A

teendency of tissue under load to return to its original size and shape after removal of the load. rubber bands and ligaments are examples

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16
Q

endoneurium

A

CT that surrounds individual nerve fibers

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17
Q

epineurium

A

CT that surrounds entire nerve and its major branches

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18
Q

facets

A

responsible for direction of motion (directional guidance)

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19
Q

facilitation

A

increase in afferent stimuli causes a decreased threshold for firing. continued stimulation results in hyperactive responses

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20
Q

golgi tendon organ

A

receptors located at the end of muscle that detect muscle tension. inibits muscle contraction when stimulated

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21
Q

homeopathy

A

treats patients with heavily diuted preparations (fromarily from plant and mineral sources) which are though to cause effects similar to the symptoms presented

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22
Q

hyperemia

A

presence of excess blood in vessels supplying a particular region of the body hyper-active responses (hypersympatheticotonia

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23
Q

hysteresis

A

refers to the loss of energy when the disc or other viscoelastic structures are subjected to repetitive cycles of loading and unloading. it is the abdorption or dissipation of energy by a distorted structure

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24
Q

example of hysteresis

A

jumping up and down, the shock energy is absorbed by the discs on its way from the feet to the head

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25
Q

meniscoid

A

intraarticular synovial tabs; may prevent a joint from having full mobility

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26
Q

motion segment

A

functional unit ofhe spine consisting of two vertebral boies, the disc in between those bodies, the articular facets, as well as ligaments binding the two vertebrae to one another. the veryebral bodies and the disc make up the antieror motion segment while the posterior motion segment consists of the articular facets

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27
Q

muscle spindle

A

a receptor that is sensitive to the length (stretch) of intrafusal fibers

28
Q

neurapraxia

A

type I nerve injury
involves a reverible conduction block characterized by local ischemia and selective demyliation of the axon sheath. the azon’s continuity is retined and although conduction across the nerve injury is inhibited, conduction within the nerve both proximal and distal to the lesion remains intact.

29
Q

prognosis for neurapraxia

A

good
recovery occurs within weeks to months
wrist drop secondary to prolonged external pressure that compresses the radial nerve at the spiral groove of the humerus is a clinical example

30
Q

neurotmesis

A

type III nerve injury
most severe form of nerve injury, associated with coprete nerve division and disruption of endoneurium
poor prognosis

31
Q

what all is injured in neurotmesis

A

axon
myelin sheath
CT

32
Q

nociceptor

A

sensory receptors sensitive to apin

33
Q

osteopathy

A

focus was on the “rule of the artery” and the use of nonspecific manipulation to enhance the flow of the blood

34
Q

perineurium

A

CT that surrounds smaller bundles of nerve fibers

35
Q

plasticity

A

property of a material that instatly deforms when a load is applied and does not retun to its original shape when the load is removed (ex: bone)

36
Q

posteiror motion segment

A

articular facets; responsible for directional guidance; mechanorectpros and niciceptors sorround posterior motion segment

37
Q

proprioceptors

A

receptors in muscles, tendons and joints that detect postiion and motion of the body

38
Q

sclerotogenous pain pattern

A

pain originating from a sclerotome. commonly seen in njury to the facets or SIjoint. pain is dull in nature
poorly localized
(bone on bone pain, not below knee)

39
Q

sinuvertebral nerve (recurrent meningeal nerve)

A

recurrent branches of the primary dorsal rami of the spinal nerves that innervate the fascia, ligaments, periosteum, intervertebral joints and intervertebral disc of the vertebrae
goes to PLL, ligamentum flavum, anterior dura but NOTto the ALL

40
Q

somatic

A

essentially refers to skin, bone, nerve and muscle

41
Q

trophic

A

related to growth and nutrition

42
Q

vertebbral ateries

A

run through the transverse foramina of the cerival vertebra

obstruction of transverse foramina may lead to vertebra artery insufficiency

43
Q

ventral rami

A

innervate the skin and msucles of the trunk and limbs

44
Q

viscera

A

essentially refers to autonomic organs, blood and lymph vessels

45
Q

vitalism

A

principle thtat maintinas laws of physics and chemistry cannot explain the nature of life

46
Q

holism

A

all properties of a given system cannot be determined or explained by its parts alone

47
Q

wolff’s law

A

bone is shaped by forces plated on it or lack of force (immobilization)

48
Q

hilton’s law

A

trunk of a nerve sends branches to aprticular muscle, the joint moved by the muscle and skkin overlying the insertion of a muscle.
altered nerve activity to a muscle may be associated with altered nerve activity to the segmentally related spinal joints

49
Q

heuter-volkman’s law

A

increased epiphyseal pressure leads to decreased growth and vice versa

50
Q

bell magendie

A

anterior horn of the cord is motor while the posterior horn is sensory

51
Q

sherrington’s law

A

reciprocal inhibition

one muscle relaxes as antagonist contracts

52
Q

davis’s law

A

soft tissue models along imposed demands

muscle lengthens if stretched

53
Q

capsular

A

firm but givin

resistance builds with lenthening; like stretching a piece of leather

54
Q

example of capuslar

A

close-packed postion of the joint
external rotation of the shoulder
abnormal: capsular fibrosis (frozen shoulder)

55
Q

ligamentous

A

palpated as abrupt hard block with no end play with a normal ROM

56
Q

example of ligamentous

A

knee extension

abnormal: chronic whiplash

57
Q

soft tissue approximation

A

giving, squeezing quality; results from approximation of soft tissue
typically painless

58
Q

example of soft tissue approximation

A

elbow flexion

abnormal: muscle hypertorphy, soft tissue swelling

59
Q

bony

A

hard, non-giving abrupt stop as 2 surfaces meet

60
Q

example of bony

A

elbow extension

abnormal: bony exostosis

61
Q

muscle spasm

A

guarded, reisted by muscle contraction
muscle reaction should be felt
the end feel canot be assessed because of pain or guarding

62
Q

example of muscle spasm

A

hypermobility/istability

63
Q

empty

A

normal end feel resistance is missing
end feel is not encountered at normal point or the joint demonstrates unsual give
pain is felt before full ROM is achieved

64
Q

interarticular

A

bouncy, springy quality

65
Q

example of interarticular

A

meniscal tear, joint mice

Part 2 boards (19 decks)

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