Practices 4 Flashcards
centers for disease control and prevention
primary federal agency for conducting and supporting public health acitvities in the US, health promotion and prevention
food and drug administration
a division of the US department of health and human services that assures the safety of foods and cosmetics, and the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals, biological products and medical devices
centers for medicare and medicaid services
provides programs for the elderly, some disabilities and poor americans
health resources and services administration
provides health resources to underserved perosns and builds healthcare workforce
administration on aging
carries out provisions of the older american act of 1965
administration for children and families
responsible for programs for needy children and families
acency for healthcare research and quality
federal agency for research on health care quality, costs, outcomes, and safety
agency for toxic substances and disease registry
prevents harmful exposure and diseases related to toxic substances
substance abuse and mental health services administration
prevention and treatment of addictive and mental disorders
national institutes of health
primary federal agency for conducitng and supporting medical research
USDA
US department of agriculture, leadership on food, agriculture, natural resouces, etc
governs meat products
incidence
number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease within a specified population during a specific time period
prevalence
a masure of the burden of a health condition in a population. it is the number of persons in a population who have a given disease or attribute at a particular point in time, over a specified time or a specified period of time or over a life time
total # of cases
endemic
consistently transmitted disease within a population
sporadic
wien only a few scattered cases occur
epidemic
an outbreak of a disease in a population that gives rise fo a higher than expected number of cases
pandemic
an epidemic occuring on more than one continent
index case
the first case of disease in a given area or population
morbidity
a deasesd condition or state; sickenss, indicence of disease within a population
mortality
death
attack rate
measure of infectivity; the proportion of those exposed that develop infection
outbreak
rapid emerbence of a disease in a specific population or geographic area
nosocomial infection
acquired by patients or staff in health care facilities
exogenous
acquired from health care environment, such as air conditioners or bed rails
endogenous
derived from normal microbiota that become opportunistic while the patient is in the health care setting
iatrogenic
health care induced injury, disease, or condition
idiopathic
an injury, disease or condition for which the cause is not determinable
healthy people 2010 goals
increase quality and years of healthy life
eliminate health disparities
10 great public health achievements in the US
idenfitying tobacco as a health hazard declines in deaths from heart disease and stroke family planning fluoridation of drinking water healthier mothers and babies immunizations motor vehicle safety control of infectious diseases safer and healthier foods workplace safety
health belief model
perceived susceptibility perceived severity perceived benefits perceived barriers cues to action self-efficacy
perceived susceptibility
person must recognize that they may be susceptible to disease
perceived severity
whether the perosn deems the condition to be severe enough to take action
perceived benefits
what the person would likely gain from taking the preventative health action
perceived barriers
obstacles that may discourage the person from taking action
cues to action
enticements that may prompt the person to take action
self-efficacy
the level of confidence the person has that they can carry out the health action
health services research
investigates the relationship among the need, demand, supply, use and outcome of health services
involves various branches of science, including epidemiology, economics and sociology
ecological model of health promotion
a comprehensive model is used in health promotion that is aimed more at a macro (population) level. it has contructs that take into consideration the micro issues of the person as well as macro issues of the communitye
outcomes research
subfield health services research that focuses primarily on patient-oriented outcomes such as physical and psychosocial function, disability, mortality, return to work, overal quality of life and satisfaction with care.
cost, use and complications of health care may also be considered in outcome research
primary care
office setting based
emphasizes preventions, health promotion, and health maitenance
secondary care
hospital/specialized medical care center
hospital bed ridden for at least a portion of the day (routine surgeries)
tertiary care
hospital setting-based
more advanced techniques
primary prevention
literally prevention of the initial onset of injury or illnesss
secondary prevention
early detection and diagnosis and prompt intervention
tertiary prevention
rehabilitation
6 pollutants as criteria pollutants
particulate matter ground level ozone carbon monoxide sulfer dioxide nitrogen oxides lead
what is the main component of smog?
ground-level ozone
how is ground level ozone formed?
when two types of pollutants (volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxide) react in presence of sunlight
what are the main pollutants of acid rain?
sulfer dioxide and nitrogen oxides
chlorine is routinely used for what?
rendering drinking water free from microbial contaminants
greenhouse effect is mostly due to?
carbon dioxide
water purification process
filtration flocculation sedimentation sand filtration sludge digestion aeration chlorination
filtration
filters big stuff with screens
flocculation
aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) added. precipitant, clumps,
sedimentation
precipitate falls
sand filtration
removes anaerobic bacteria
sludge digestion
add anaerobic bacteria
aeration
adds oxygen to water to improve color and taste
kills remaining anaerobic bacterial decreased biological oxygen demand, BOD relates to amount of dissolved organic material
chlorination
kills remaining bacteria
possible fluorination
not a part of the purification process
