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Part 2 boards > Principles 2 > Flashcards

Principles 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why might maintaining a healthy nervous system be important?

A

possibly to deal with stress and diseases of adaptation

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2
Q

At what point do we manipulate a joint?

A

paraphysiologic space

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3
Q

What are the different parts of movement?

A

neutral position
physiologic barrier (active ROM)
elastic barrier of resistance (crack) (mobilization)
paraphysiologic space (manipulation
limit of anatomic integrity (joint sprain)
hypermobility

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4
Q

Planes of movement

A

sagittal
coronal
transverse

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5
Q

body planes of movement axis

A

coronal (x)
sagittal (z)
longitudinal (y)

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6
Q

flexion and extension

A 
sagittal plane
coronal axis (x)
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7
Q

abduction/adduction, lateral flexion

A

coronal

sagittal (z)

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8
Q

medial/lateral flexion (axial rotation)

A 
transverse
longitudinal (y)
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9
Q

IVFs ___ in flexion and ___in extension

A

opens in flexion

decreases in extension

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10
Q

boundaries of an IVF

A

anterior: body, IVD
superior: pedicle
posterior: zygopophyseal joints (facets)
inferior: pedicle

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11
Q

anatomic contents of IVF

A 
spinal nerve
nerve roots
recurrent meningeal nerves
blood vessels
lymphatics
connective tissue
DRG
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12
Q

order of compression in the IVF

A

adipose
veins
arteries
nerve

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13
Q

what is the most sensitive to compression from the IVF?

A

DRG

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14
Q

IVDs are found?

A

between the bodies of C2-3 all the way down to the lumbosacral junction

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15
Q

how much of the height of the vertebral column are discs responsible for?

A

1/4 the height

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16
Q

what is the function of discs?

A

weight bearing an dissipating shock

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17
Q

what are the 3 components of IVD?

A

annulus fibrosis
nucleus pulposus
cartilaginous endplates

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18
Q

cartilaginous endplates

A

composed of hyaline cartilage that separates but also helps attach the disc to the vertebral bodies

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19
Q

function of the cartilaginous endplates

A

anchor disc
form the growth zone for immature vertebral body
provide a permeable barrier between the disc and the body

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20
Q

the roll of the cartilaginous endplates is to?

A

allow avascular disc to receive nutrients and repair products

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21
Q

annulus fibrosis

A

fibrocartilaginous ring that encloses and retains the nucleus pulposus

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22
Q

function of annulus

A

enclosing and retaining the nucleus pulposus, absorbing compressive shocks, forming a structural unit between vertebral bodies and restricting motion
limits amount of torsion allowed on the disc and amount of rotation on the vertebra
allows disc to adapt to stress

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23
Q

what reinforces the annulus?

A

ALL

PLL

24
Q

why is the PLL clinically significant for the annulus

A

as it descends its width narrows until covering only about 50% of the central portion of the lower lumbar discs
this makes the posterolateral aspect to most likely be injured

25
Q

describe how the annulus gets nutrients

A

outer portion has a blood supply innervated by the sinuvertebral/recurrent meningeal nerve
the lateral aspect is innervated by grey rami communicantes

26
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

central portion of the disc and is embryological derivative of the notochord
it account for about 40% of the disc and is semifluid gel that will deform easily but is considered impressionable
responsible for high water content of the disc
during the aging process, the water gradually disappears

27
Q

when is the most common time to injure a disc?

A

30-50 years

28
Q

pressure changes in the disc

A 
recumbent
standing
sitting
sitting leaning forward
jumping
29
Q

what can compressive loads do to the disc?

A

can cause fracture to the endplate or anterior vertebral body will collapse, but not herniation

30
Q

nutrition to the disc is by way of?

A

imbibition (motion)

31
Q

transverse ligament

A

holds dens in fovea dentalis of atlas

32
Q

cruciate ligament

A

occiput to body of C2, cross shaped

33
Q

alar ligament

A

limits rotation of C2

sides of dens to occipital condyles (AKA check ligament)

34
Q

apical dental ligament

A

limits flexion/extension of C2, apex of dens to anterior aspect of the foramen

35
Q

dentate ligaments

A

21 ligaments connecting pia to dura along the spinal cord (dural torque theory)

36
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament

A

limits extension

front of vertebral bodies from sacrum to C2

37
Q

anterior atlanto-occipital ligament

A

continuation of PLL from C2 to occiput

38
Q

anterior atlanto-axial ligament

A

continuation of ALL from C2 to atlas

39
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament

A

limits flexion. back of vertebral bodies (anterior portion of canal)
wider in cervicals, thinner in lumbars and thinnest at L5

40
Q

tectorial memebrane

A

continuation of PLL from C2 to occiput

41
Q

ligamentum flavum

A

most important of the posterior ligaments in limiting flexion
lamina to lamina (posterior portion of canal)
high elastic content
under constant tension as a result of its elastic properties

42
Q

posterior atlanto-axial

A

continuation of ligamentum flavum from C2 to C1

43
Q

posterior atlanto-occipital

A

ligamentum flavum from C1 to occiput

arcuate foramen if ossified

44
Q

capsular ligament

A

between articular processes

45
Q

intertransverse ligament

A

between TVP

46
Q

interspinous ligament

A

between spinous process

47
Q

supraspinous ligament

A

from spinous to spinous

48
Q

ligamentum nuchae

A

continuation of supraspinous ligament from C7 to occiput

49
Q

transforaminal ligament

A

traverse the foramina and diminsh space available for passage of NRs

50
Q

meninges

A

CT coverings arranged in 3 distinct layers that cover and protect the spinal cord from excessive movement and damage

51
Q

3 layers of meninges

A

dura
arachnoid
pia
(dentate)

52
Q

dura mater

A

thick and tough CT
continuous from cranial cavity to sacrum
covers individual NR and nerves as they exit spinal canal
sleeves of dura follow nerves to the IVF and surround a swelling, which represents the location of the DRG

53
Q

arachnoid mater

A

more delicate and VASCULAR and is attached to the inner surface of the dura
thin weblike projections extend from arachnoid to pia

54
Q

pia mster

A

single cell CT layer that adheres directly to the surface the neural tissue, including the individual cranial and spinal rootlets

55
Q

dentate ligament

A

series of pial porjections, located primarily in the thoracic region, which project from lateral surface of the spinal cord penetrate the arachnoid and anchor to the dura
gives us the dural torque theory

Part 2 boards (19 decks)

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