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122 > Prelim | Stomach and Pancreas > Flashcards

Prelim | Stomach and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

J-shaped enlargement of the GI tract directly inferior to the diaphragm in the abdomen

A

Stomach

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2
Q

Most distensible part of the GI tract

A

Stomach

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3
Q

The stomach connects the (1) and the (2)

A
  1. esophagus
  2. duodenum
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4
Q

Functions as mixing chamber and holding reservoir

A

Stomach

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5
Q

The stomach produces about — of gastric juice

A

2000-3000 mL

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6
Q

Measurement of the stomach

A

About 12inches long and 6 inches across

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7
Q

Stomach functions

A
  1. Mixes saliva, food, and gastric juice to form chyme.
  2. Serves as reservoir for food before release into SI.
  3. Secretes gastric juice, which contains HCI, pepsin, intrinsic factor, and gastric lipase.
  4. Secretes gastrin into blood
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8
Q

Kills bacteria and denatures protein

A

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

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9
Q

Begins the digestion of proteins

A

Pepsin

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10
Q

Aids absorption of vitamin B12

A

Intrinsic factors

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11
Q

Aids digestion of triglycerides

A

Gastric lipase

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12
Q

Also known as heartburn

A

GERD: gastro esophageal reflex disease

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13
Q

Main regions of the stomach

A
  1. Cardia
  2. Fundus
  3. Body
  4. Pyloric Part
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14
Q

Topmost part of the stomach

A

Fundus

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15
Q

Part of the stomach where it connects with the esophagus

A

Cardia

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16
Q

Bolus when it reaches the stomach

A

Chyme

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17
Q

Divisions of the pyloric part

A
  1. Pyloric antrum
  2. Prloric canal
  3. Pyloric sphincter
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18
Q

Phenomenon that happens once the food particles in chyme are small enough that they can pass through the pyloric sphincter

A

Gastric emptying

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19
Q

Controls passage of food from stomach to small intestine; constricts and opens when digested food is ready to go down to the SI

A

Pyloric sphincter

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20
Q

Increases the surface area of your stomach

A

Rugae

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21
Q

Greater vs lesser curvaturte of the stomach

A

Greater:
- convex lateral border
- connects greater omentum to stomach

Lesser:
- concave medial border
- connects stomach to liver

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22
Q

Internal anatomy of the stomach

A
  • Rugae
  • Lesser and greater curvature
  • Incisura angularis
  • Incisura cardialis
  • Fornix gastricus
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23
Q

Incisura angularis vs incisura cardialis

A

Incisura angularis: Small anatomical notch found on the lesser curvature

Incisura cardialis: Small anatomical notch between the esophagus and fundus

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24
Q

Arch-shaped superior margin of fundus

A

Fornix gastricus

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25
Q

Inner most layer of stomach is (1) layer, followed by (2) , then (3)

A
  1. oblique
  2. circular
  3. longitudinal
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26
Q

Cells present in the mucosa of the stomach

A
  1. Surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells
  2. Parietal cells
  3. Chief cells
  4. G cells
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27
Q

Medical term for vomiting

A

Emesis

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28
Q

Function of surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells

A

Secretes mucus and absorption

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29
Q

Function of parietal cells

A

Secrete intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid

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30
Q

Kills microbes in food; denatures proteins; converts pepsinogen into pepsin.

A

Hydrochloric acid

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31
Q

Pepsin (activated form) breaks down proteins into peptides

A

Pepsinogen

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32
Q

Function of the chief cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase (Proteins)

33
Q

Splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides.

A

Gastric lipase

34
Q

Function of the G cells

A

Secrete gastrin

35
Q

Example of foods with protein

A

Beans, cheese, nuts, egg, white meat

36
Q

Example of foods rich in triglyceride

A

Oily foods, red meat, chicken skin, egg yolk, butter

37
Q

Within — after eating a meal, the stomach has emptied its contents into the duodenum

A

2 to 4 hours

38
Q

A secretion from chief cells that splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

A

Gastric lipase

39
Q

This type of hormone is released in the stomach

A

Gastric hormone

40
Q

Structure where mixing waves (gentle peristaltic movements) occur

A

Muscularis

41
Q

Structure that opens to
permit passage of chyme into duodenum.

A

Pyloric sphincter

42
Q

Peristaltic contractions of the smooth muscle from the fundus towards the contracted pylorus

A

Propulsion

43
Q

Reduction in size of the food particles by churning in the antrum

44
Q

Grind particles smaller than (1) in diameter can pass through the contracted (2)

A
  1. 2mm
  2. pylorus
45
Q

The rest of the bolus is pushed back towards the body of the stomach for further M and C digestion

A

Retropulsion

46
Q

Sequence 1 (propulsion) and 2 (grinding) are repeated until the food particles are small enough to pass through the contracted pylorus (gastric emptying)

A

Retropulsion

47
Q

All chyme not pushed through the pylorus during the active digestion process will be swept into the duodenum by the relaced pylorus

A

Peristaltic contraction

48
Q

The stomach only digests (1) and (2)

A
  1. Protein
  2. Triglycerides
49
Q

Food rich in — are digested the fastest, and spend lesat time in the stomach

A

Carbohydrates

50
Q

Foods rich in — spend longer in the stomach

51
Q

Retroperitoneal organ

52
Q

Measurement of pancreas

A

12-15cm (5-6”) long and
2.5cm (1”) thick

53
Q

Location of the pancreas in relation to other organs

A

Posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach

54
Q

Parts of the pancreas

A

Head
Body
Tail

55
Q

Largest part of the pancreas

56
Q

Expanded portion of the pancreas near the curve of the duodenum

57
Q

How much pancreatic juices are produced daily?

A

1200-1500 ml

58
Q

Main function of the pancreas

A

Secrete pancreatic juices

59
Q

2 ducts of the pancreas

A
  1. Pancreatic Duct (Duct of Wirsung)
  2. Accessort Duct (Duct of Santorini)
60
Q

Larger of the two pancreatic ducts

A

Pancreatic Duct (Duct of Wirsung)

61
Q

Found where the common hepatic duct and main pancreatic duct is merged

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla/ Ampulla of Vater

62
Q

The ampulla of vater opens on an elevation of the duodenal mucosa known as —

A

Major duodenal papilla

63
Q

The passage of pancreatic juice and bile through the hepatopancreatic ampulla into the duodenum is regulated by a mass of smooth muscle surrounding the ampulla known as —

A

Sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla/ Sphincter of Oddi

64
Q

What composes of the pancreatic duct (duct of wirsung)?

A
  • Hepatopancreatic ampulla/ Ampulla of vater
  • Major duodenal papilla
  • Sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (Sphincter of Oddi)
65
Q

2 types of cells in the pancreas

A

Acini
Pancreatic islets / Islets of Langerhans

66
Q

Cells that comprises 99% of the pancreas

67
Q

Cells that comprises 1% of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic islets / Islets of Langerhans

68
Q

What do acini cells prduce?

A

Fluid and digestive enzymes

69
Q

Digestive enzymes in pancreatic juices produced by acini cells

A
  1. Sodium bicarbonate
  2. Pancreatic amylase
  3. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, elastase
  4. Ribonuclease
  5. Deoxyribuclease
70
Q

An alkaline digestive ezyme that helps buffer acidity of the chyme

A

Sodium bicarbonate

71
Q

Digestive enzyme that digests starch

A

Pancreatic amylase

72
Q

Digestive enzyme that digests protein

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, elastase

73
Q

Digestive enzyme tht digests triglycerides/ fats

A

Pancreatic lipase

74
Q

Digestive enzyme tht digests DNA

A

Deoxyribuclease

75
Q

Digestive enzyme tht digests RNA

A

Ribonuclease

76
Q

Hormones secreted by the pancreatic islet

A
  1. Glucagon
  2. Insulin
  3. Somatostasin
  4. Pancreatic polypeptide
77
Q

Hormone from pancreas that increases glucose levels

78
Q

Hormone from pancreas that decreases sugar levels

79
Q

Hormone from pancreas that inhibits the production of glucagon or insulin

A

Somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide

122 (23 decks)

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