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122 > Midterm | Blood > Flashcards

Midterm | Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a (1) that consists of cells surrounded by a/n (2).

A
  1. liquid connective tissue
  2. liquid extracellular matrix
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2
Q

Functions of blood

A
  1. Transportation
  2. Regulation
  3. Protection
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3
Q

Distribution of body solids and fluids in average lean, adult female and male

A

FEMALE
Solids: 45%
Liquids: 55%

MALE
Solids: 40%
Liquids: 60%

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4
Q

TOTAL BODY FLUID

A

2/3 Intercellular fluid
1/3 Extracellular fluid (80% interstitial fluid, 20% plasma)

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5
Q

Denser and more viscous than water

A

Blood

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6
Q

Temperature of blood

A

38 degrees Celsius

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7
Q

pH of blood

A

Alkaline (7.35-7.45)

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8
Q

Color of blood

A

▪ Bright red: oxygenated
▪ Dark red: unsaturated with O2

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9
Q

Volume of blood

A

▪ Male: 5-6 liters
▪ Female: 4-5 liters

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10
Q

Components of blood

A
  1. Blood plasma (55%)
    a. Proteins
    b. Water
    c. Other solutes
  2. Formed elements (45%)
    a. Platelets
    b. White blood cells
    c. Red blood cells
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11
Q

Substances in Blood Plasma

A

Water (91.5%)

Plasma proteins (7%)
a. Albumins (54%)
b. Globulins (38%)
c. Fibrinogen (7%)
d. All others (1%)

Other solutes (1.5%)
a. Electrolytes
b. Nutrients
c. Gases
d. Regulatory substances
e. Waste products

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12
Q

Liquid portion of blood

A

Water (91.5%)

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13
Q

Substance of blood plasma most produced by liver

A

Plasma proteins (7%)

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14
Q

Smallest and most numerous plasma proteins

A

Albumins

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15
Q

Large proteins (plasma cells produce immunoglobulins)

A

Globulins

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16
Q

Large protein

A

Fibrinogen

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17
Q

Inorganic salts; positively charged (cations) Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+; negatively charged (anions) Cl−, HPO42−, SO42−, HCO3−.

A

Electrolytes

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18
Q

Products of digestion, such as amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, vitamins, and minerals.

A

Nutrients

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19
Q

O2, CO2, N2

A

Gases

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20
Q

Enzymes, Hormones, Vitamins

A

Regulatory substances

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21
Q

Urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, bilirubin,
ammonia

A

Waste products

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22
Q

Red blood cells other term

A

Erythrocytes

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23
Q

Erythrocytes appearance

A

Biconcave discs

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24
Q

Erythrocytes diameter

A

7-8 micrometer

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25
Q

What do RBCs lack?

A

Nucleus and other organelles

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26
Q

RBCs are specialized for —

A

oxygen transport

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27
Q

RBCs life span

A

120 days

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28
Q

White bloods cells other term

A

Leukocytes

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29
Q

What do WBCs lack and have?

A

❑ Have nuclei and organelles
❑ No hemoglobin

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30
Q

WBCs Classification

A

A. Granular
▪ Neutrophils
▪ Eosinophils
▪ Basophils

B. Agranular
▪ Lymphocytes
▪ Monocytes

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31
Q

Types of WBCs

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Eosinophils
  4. Monocytes
  5. Lymphocytes
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32
Q

Lobe(s) and function of NEUTROPHILS

A

❑ 2-5 lobes of nucleus
❑ Phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and fungi

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33
Q

Lobe(s) and function of EOSINOPHILS

A

❑ Bilobed nucleus
❑ Kill parasites and allergic response

34
Q

Lobe(s) and function of BASOPHILS

A

❑ Bilobed or trilobed nucleus
❑ Inflammatory response

35
Q

Lobe(s) and function of LYMPHOCYTES

A

❑ Eccentric nucleus
❑ Kill viruses; make antibodies

36
Q

Lobe(s) and function of MONOCYTES

A

❑ Kidney-shaped nucleus
❑ Remove dead cells
❑ Differentiate into macrophages

37
Q

HIGH COUNT MAY INDICATE
❑ Bacterial infection
❑ Burns
❑ Stress
❑ Inflammation

A

NEUTROPHILS

38
Q

LOW COUNT MAY INDICATE
❑ Radiation exposure
❑ Drug toxicity
❑ Vitamin B12 deficiency
❑ Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

NEUTROPHILS

39
Q

HIGH COUNT OF LYMPHOCYTES MAY INDICATE

A

❑ Viral infections
❑ Some leukemias
❑ Infectious mononucleosis

40
Q

LOW COUNT OF LYMPHOCYTES MAY INDICATE

A

❑ Prolonged illness
❑ HIV infection
❑ Immunosuppression
❑ Treatment with cortisol

41
Q

HIGH COUNT OF MONOCYTES MAY INDICATE

A

❑ Viral or fungal infections
❑ TB
❑ Some leukemias
❑ Other chronic diseases

42
Q

LOW COUNT OF MONOCYTES MAY INDICATE

A

❑ Bone marrow
suppression
❑ Treatment with cortisol

43
Q

HIGH COUNT OF EOSINOPHILS MAY INDICATE

A

❑ Allergic reactions
❑ Parasitic infections
❑ Autoimmune diseases

44
Q

LOW COUNT OF EOSINOPHILS MAY INDICATE

A

❑ Drug toxicity
❑ Stress
❑ Acute allergic reactions

45
Q

HIGH COUNT OF BASOPHILS MAY INDICATE

A

❑ Allergic reactions
❑ Leukemias
❑ Cancers
❑ Hyperthyroidism

46
Q

LOW COUNT OF BASOHPILS MAY INDICATE

A

❑ Pregnancy
❑ Ovulation
❑ Stress
❑ Hypothyroidism

47
Q

Platelets other terms

A

Thrombocytes

48
Q

Platlets life span

49
Q

Platelets promote —

A

blood clotting

50
Q

Aged and dead platelets are removed by (1) in the (2) and (3).

A
  1. fixed macrophages
  2. spleen
  3. liver
51
Q

Surfaces of erythrocytes contain a genetically determined assortment of (1) composed of (2) and (3).

A
  1. antigens
  2. glycoproteins
  3. glycolipids
52
Q

The surfaces of erythrocytes contain a genetically determined assortment of antigens composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids. These antigens are called —

A

agglutinogens

53
Q

Based on the presence or absence of various antigens.

A

Blood groups

54
Q

Approximately how many blood groups are there?

55
Q

Major blood groups

A

ABO blood group
Rh blood group

56
Q

Natural defense against foreign bodies

A

Antibodies

57
Q

Antigen vs antibodies (Location)

A

Antigen: RBC Surface
Antibodies: Plasma

58
Q

Blood plasma usually contains antibodies called — that react with the A or B antigens if the two are mixed.

A

agglutinins

59
Q

The transfer of whole blood or blood components (red blood cells only or blood plasma only) into the bloodstream or directly into the red bone marrow

A

TRANSFUSION

60
Q

In an incompatible blood transfusion, antibodies in the recipient’s plasma bind to the antigens on the donated RBCs, which causes (1) or (2) of the RBCs

A
  1. agglutination
  2. clumping
61
Q

An antigen–antibody response in which RBCs become cross-linked to one another

A

Agglutination

62
Q

Is agglutination the same as blood clotting?

63
Q

Rupture of the RBCs and the release of hemoglobin into the blood plasma

64
Q

Universal recipients

A

AB+ blood type

65
Q

Universal donors

A

O blood type

66
Q

Agglutinogen, Agglutinin, Compatible donor, and Incompatible donor for BLOOD TYPE A

A

Agglutinogen: A
Agglutinin: Anti-B
Compatible donor: A, O
Incompatible donor: B, AB

67
Q

Agglutinogen, Agglutinin, Compatible donor, and Incompatible donor for BLOOD TYPE B

A

Agglutinogen: B
Agglutinin: Anti-A
Compatible donor: B, O
Incompatible donor: A, AB

68
Q

Agglutinogen, Agglutinin, Compatible donor, and Incompatible donor for BLOOD TYPE AB

A

Agglutinogen: AB
Agglutinin: Neither anti-A or anti-B
Compatible donor: A, B, AB, O
Incompatible donor: —

69
Q

Agglutinogen, Agglutinin, Compatible donor, and Incompatible donor for BLOOD TYPE O

A

Agglutinogen: Neither A or B
Agglutinin: Both anti-A and anti-B
Compatible donor: O
Incompatible donor: A, B, AB

70
Q

Type of protein on the outside of RBCs

71
Q

Rh positive vs Rh negative

A

❑ Rh Positive
▪ RBC with Rh antigen
▪ Without Rh antibody

❑ Rh Negative
▪ RBC lack Rh antigen
▪ With Rh antibody

72
Q

Rh factor meaning

A

Rhesus factor

73
Q

Formation of RBCs

A

Erythropoiesis

74
Q

Bone marrow consists of —

A

stem cells

75
Q

How ERYTHROCYTES form

A

PRECURSOR
1. Pronormoblast
2. Basohpilic normoblast
3. Polychromatic normoblast
4. Orthochromatic normoblast
5. Polychromatic erythrocyte (reticulocyte)

PERIPHERAL
6. Erythrocyte (Blood)

76
Q

How PLATELETS form

A

PRECURSOR
1. Megakaryoblast
2. Megakaryocyte

PERIPHERAL
3. Platelets (Blood)

77
Q

How NEUTROPHILS form

A

PRECURSOR
1. Myeloblast
2. Promyelocyte
3. Myelocyte
4. Metamyelocyte
5. Band

PERIPHERAL
6. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (Blood)

78
Q

How MONOCYTES form

A

PRECURSOR
1. Monoblast
2. Promonocyte

PERIPHERAL
3. Monocyte (Blood)
4. Macrophage (Tissue)

79
Q

How EOSINOPHILS form

A

PRECURSOR
1. Myeloblast
2. Promyelocyte
3. Eosinophilic myelocyte
4. Eosinophilic metamyelocyte
5. Eosinophilic band

PERIPHERAL
6. Eosinophil (Blood)

80
Q

How BASOPHILS form

A

PRECURSOR
1. Myeloblast
2. Promyelocyte
3. Basophilic myelocyte
4. Basophilic metamyelocyte
5. Basophilic band

PERIPHERAL
6. Basophil (Blood)

81
Q

How B LYMPHOBLASTS form

A

PRECURSOR
1. B lymphoblast

PERIPHERAL
2. B lymphocyte (Blood
3. Plasma cell (Tissue)

82
Q

How T LYMPHOBLASTS form

A

PRECURSOR
1. T lymphoblast

PERIPHERAL
2. T lymphocyte (Blood)

122 (23 decks)

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