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122 > Midterm | Heart > Flashcards

Midterm | Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Main Functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Main Functions:
1. Oxygen and nutrients distribution
2. Carry cell wastes and CO2
3. Transport water, electrolytes, hormones and enzymes
4. Protect against disease
5. Prevent hemorrhage
6. Regulate blood temperature

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2
Q

COMPONENTS of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood
  3. Blood vessels
    ❑ Veins
    ❑ Arteries
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3
Q

Length of Heart

A

12 cm (5”)

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4
Q

Width of Heart

A

9 cm (3.5”) at broadest

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5
Q

Thickness of Heart

A

6 cm (2.5”)

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6
Q

Mass of Heart

A

250 g (female);
300 g (male)

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7
Q

About — of the mass of the heart lies to the left of the body’s midline.

A

two-thirds

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8
Q

EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE HEART

A
  1. APEX
  2. BASE
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9
Q

DISTINCT SURFACES OF THE HEART

A
  1. ANTERIOR
  2. INFERIOR
  3. RIGHT
  4. LEFT
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10
Q

Locations of the heart (6)

A
  1. Heart lies in the mediastinum
  2. Apex rests on the diaphragm
  3. Anterior surface: sternum-ribs
  4. Inferior surface: diaphragm
  5. Right surface: Right lung base
  6. Left surface: Left lung base
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11
Q

Membrane that surrounds and protects the heart

A

PERICARDIUM

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12
Q

Two main parts of the Pericardium

A
  1. Fibrous pericardium
  2. Serous pericardium
    a. Parietal layer
    b. Visceral layer
    c. Pericardial cavity
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13
Q

Composed of tough, inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue.

A

Fibrous Pericardium

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14
Q

Functions of the Fibrous Pericardium

A

❖ Prevents overstretching of the heart
❖ Provides protection
❖ Anchors heart in the mediastinum

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15
Q

Double layer of thinner and more delicate membrane

A

Serous Pericardium

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16
Q

Layers of the Serous Pericardium

A
  1. Parietal layer (outer)
  2. Pericardial cavity
  3. Visceral layer (inner)/ Epicardium
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17
Q

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also known as

A

Epicardium

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18
Q

Reduces friction between layers of parietal and visceral layer.

A

Pericardial fluid

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19
Q

LAYERS OF THE HEART

A
  1. EPICARDIUM- External
  2. MYOCARDIUM- Middle
  3. ENDOCARDIUM- Inner
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20
Q

Texture of the epicardium

A

Smooth, slippery texture

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21
Q

What the epicardium (layer) contains

A

Blood vessels, lymphatics, and vessels that supply the myocardium

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22
Q

Two tissue layers of the Epicardium

A
  1. Visceral layer
  2. Fibroelastic tissue and adipose tissue
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23
Q

Visceral layer vs Fibroelastic tissue and adipose tissue (Epicardium tissue layer)

A
  1. Visceral layer
    - composed of thin, transparent mesothelium
  2. Fibroelastic tissue and adipose tissue
    - houses major coronary and cardiac vessels
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24
Q

Mesothelium meaning

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells

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25
Q

Responsible for pumping action of the heart

A

Myocardium

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26
Q

How much of the heart wall does the myocardium make up?

A

95%

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27
Q

Cardiac muscle fibers are organized in (1) that swirl (2) around the heart and generate the strong pumping actions of the heart

A
  1. bundles
  2. diagonally
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28
Q

Thin layer of connective tissue; Provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the heart and covers the valves of the heart

A

Endocardium

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29
Q

Endocardium is continuous with the (1) of the (2) attached to the heart.

A
  1. endothelial lining
  2. large blood vessels
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30
Q

CHAMBERS OF THE HEART

A
  1. ATRIA
  2. VENTRICLES
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31
Q

Atria vs Ventricles
(location, function, surface)

A
  1. ATRIA
    - Superior receiving chamber of the heart
    - Receive blood from blood vessels returning blood to heart
    - Auricle
  2. VENTRICLES
    - Inferior pumping chamber of the heart
    - Eject blood from the heart into blood vessels
    - Sulci
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32
Q

Why is the auricle named so?

A

Because of its resemblance to a dog’s ear

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33
Q

Auricle vs sulci

A

Auricle
- Anterior surface of each atrium; increases the capacity of an atrium

Sulcus
- Surface of the heart; marks the external boundary between two chambers of the heart

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34
Q

Encircles most of the heart and marks the external boundary between the superior atria and inferior ventricles

A

Coronary sulcus

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35
Q

Marks the external boundary between the anterior right and left ventricles

A

Anterior interventricular sulcus

36
Q

Marks the external boundary between the posterior right and left ventricles

A

Posterior interventricular sulcus

37
Q

Right border of the heart

A

Right Atrium

38
Q

The Right Atrium receives blood from three veins:

A
  1. Superior vena cava
  2. Inferior vena cava
  3. Coronary sinus
39
Q

Walls of Right Atrium

A
  1. Smooth posterior wall
  2. Rough anterior wall (Pectinate muscles)
40
Q

Partition between atria

A

Interatrial septum

41
Q

Prominent feature of the Right atrium

A

Fossa ovalis

42
Q

Oval depression that is the remnant of the foramen ovale of a fetal heart

A

Fossa ovalis

43
Q

Controls the flow of blood from right atrium to right ventricle; Prevents backflow of blood

A

Tricuspid valve/ Right Atrioventricular valve

44
Q

Composition of Tricuspid valve

A

Consists of three leaflets or cusps

45
Q

Forms most of the anterior surface of the heart

A

Right Ventricle

46
Q

Bundles of cardiac muscle in the RV

A

Trabeculae carneae

47
Q

Rough outer wall of the RV

A

Trabeculae carneae

48
Q

Tricuspid valve are connected to tendon-like cords called (1) that also connects to (2)

A
  1. Chordae tendineae
  2. papillary muscles
49
Q

Internally, the right ventricle is separated from the left ventricle by this partition

A

Interventricular septum

50
Q

BEFORE BLOOD FROM THE RIGHT VENTRICLE GOES TO THE PULMONARY TRACT, IT WILL GO TO THE

A

PULMONARY VALVE/ Pulmonary semilunar valve

51
Q

PULMONARY ARTERY IS THE ONLY ARTERY THAT CARRIES —

A

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD

52
Q

Composition of the pulmonary valve

A

Consists of three leaflets or cusps

53
Q

Control the flow of blood from right ventricle into large artery (pulmonary trunk); Sends blood to the lungs

A

Pulmonary valve

54
Q

Forms most of the base of the heart

A

Left Atrium

55
Q

Receives blood from four pulmonary veins.

A

Left Atrium

56
Q

Consists of smooth posterior and anterior wall

A

Left Atrium

57
Q

Valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle

A

Bicuspid (mitral) valve/ Left atrioventricular valve

58
Q

Thickest chamber of the heart

A

Left Ventricle

59
Q

The LV is the chamber of the heart that forms the —

A

apex of the heart

60
Q

Like the right ventricle, the left ventricle contains (1) and has (2) that anchor the cusps of the bicuspid valve to (3).

A
  1. trabeculae carneae
  2. chordae tendineae
  3. papillary muscles
61
Q

Heart valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta

A

Aortic valve

62
Q

Blood vessel that normally closes after births, leaving a remnant behind

A

Ductus arteriosus

63
Q

Remnant of the ductus arteriosus

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

64
Q

Deliver blood under less pressure into the adjacent ventricles; Thin walled

65
Q

Pumps blood under high pressure over greater distances; thick walled

66
Q

Right vs Left Ventricle
(Workload, pumping, resistance to blood flow, muscular wall; perimeter of lumen)

A

RIGHT VENTRICLE
- smaller workload
- pumps blood at a short distance –> lungs at lower pressure
- resistance to blood flow: small
- muscular wall: thinner
- perimeter of the lumen: somewhat crescent shaped

LEFT VENTRICLE
- more workload
- pumps blood at greater distances –> all other parts of the body at higher pressure
- resistance to blood flow: larger
- muscular wall: thicker
- perimeter of the lumen: roughly circular

67
Q

ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES

A
  1. TRICUSPID VALVE
  2. MITRAL VALVE
68
Q

NUMBER OF CUSPS of each atroventricular valves

A

TRICUSPID VALVE: 3
MITRAL VALVE: 2

69
Q

FLOW OF BOOD of each atroventricular valves

A

TRICUSPID VALVE: From the RA to the RV
MITRAL VALVE: From the lungs to the LA

70
Q

FUNCTIONS of each atroventricular valves

A

TRICUSPID VALVE: Prevent blood from flowing backward from the RV to the RA
MITRAL VALVE: Prevent backward flow from LV to the LA

71
Q

SEMILUNAR VALVES OF THE HEART

A
  1. AORTIC VALVE
  2. PULMONARY VALVE
72
Q

NUMBER OF CUSPS of each semilunar valves

A

AORTIC VALVE: 3
PULMONARY VALVE: 3

73
Q

FLOW OF BOOD of each semilunar valves

A

AORTIC VALVE: From the RV to the pulmonary artery
PULMONARY VALVE: From the LV to the aorta

74
Q

FUNCTIONS of each semilunar valves

A

AORTIC VALVE: Prevents backward flow from the aorta into the LV
PULMONARY VALVE: Prevents blood from going backward from the pulmonary artery to the RV

75
Q

FIBERS ENCIRCLING THE VALVES

A

FIBROUS SKELETON

76
Q

Functions of the FIBROUS SKELETON

A
  1. Form structural foundation for the heart valves
  2. Prevent overstretching of the valve
  3. Acts as an electrical insulator between the atria and ventricles
77
Q

Phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood

78
Q

Heartbeat phase when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries

79
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

80
Q

Systolic blood pressure

81
Q

Diastole takes how long?

82
Q

Systole takes how long?

83
Q

Brings the heart chambers to their normal size to receive blood

84
Q

Decreases the volume of the heart chambers to force the blood out

85
Q

What causes hearts ounds?

A

Primarily from blood turbulence caused by closing of the heart valves

86
Q

In a normal heart only the — are loud enough to be heard through a stethoscope

A

first and second heart sounds (S1 and S2)

87
Q

S1 vs S2

A

S1: “lubb” caused by blood turbulence associated with closure of the AV valves soon after ventricular systole begins

S2: “dupp”caused by blood turbulence associated with closure of the SL valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole

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