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122 > Midterm | Intro + Kidney > Flashcards

Midterm | Intro + Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

Other term for the urinary sytem

A

Excretory system

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2
Q

Main excretory organ of the urinary sytem

A

Kidney (produces urine)

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3
Q

GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

A

FILTRATION
REABSORPTION
SECRETION
EXCRETION

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4
Q

Other terms for excretion of urine

A

Urination / Voiding / Micturition

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5
Q

MAJOR PARTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

A

R & L KIDNEYS
R & L URETERS
URINARY BLADDER
URETHRA

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6
Q

EXCRETORY ORGANS OF THE BODY AND WHAT THEY EXCRETE

A

LARGE INTESTINE: Feces
LUNGS: Carbon Dioxide
SKIN: Sweat, oil, wax
KIDNEY: Urine

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7
Q

X-ray image (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding/ urinating

A

voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

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8
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS

A
  1. Regulation of blood ionic composition
  2. Regulation of blood pH
  3. Regulation of blood volume
  4. Regulation of blood pressure
  5. Maintenance of blood osmolarity
  6. Production of hormones
  7. Regulation of blood glucose
  8. Excretion of wastes and foreign substances

5R(VP PIG) MPE

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9
Q

IONS BEING REGULATED BY THE KIDNEYS

A

sodium ions
potassium ions
calcium ions
chloride ions
phosphate ions

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10
Q

HOW DOES THE KIDNEYS REGULATE BLOOD VOLUME?

A

By eliminating the urine

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11
Q

Blood volume and blood pressure relationship

A

Increased blood volume means an increased blood pressure

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12
Q

HOW DO THE KIDNEYS REGULATE BLOOD PRESSURE?

A

by secreting the enzyme RENIN

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13
Q

Enzyme secreted by the kidney that is responsible for blood pressure

A

Renin

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14
Q

Hormone produced by the kidneys and their functions

A

CALCITRIOL: Form of vitamin D, Helps regulates calcium homeostasis

ERYTHROPOIETIN: Stimulates the production of red blood cells

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15
Q

Substances that have no useful function in the body

A

WASTES

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16
Q

What urine is made up of

A

Ammonia (from amino acids)
Urea (from amino acids)
Bilirubin (from liver)
Creatinine (from creatinine phosphates of muscle fibers)
Uric acid (from nucleic acids)
Foreign substances (drugs and environmental toxins)

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17
Q

The kidneys are the same size as

A

A bar soap

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18
Q

Absence of one kidney (may be genetic)

A

RENAL AGENESIS/APLASIA

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19
Q

Very uncommon condition when both kidneys fail to develop. It is incompatible with life. infants who have this condition are commonly stillborn or will die 4 hours after birth

A

BILATERAL AGENESIS/ POTTER SYNDROME

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20
Q

A relatively rare anomaly consisting of the presence of a third, small rudimentary kidney

A

SUPERNUMERARY KIDNEY

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21
Q

LENGTH OF ADULT KIDNEYS

A

10-12 cm (4-5 in.)

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22
Q

WIDTH OF ADULT KIDNEYS

A

5-7 cm (2-3 in.)

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23
Q

THICKNESS OF ADULT KIDNEYS

A

3 cm (1 in.)

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24
Q

MASS OF ADULT KIDNEYS

A

135-150 g (4.5-5 oz)

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25
Q

SHAPE OF THE KIDNEYS

A

BEAN-SHAPED ORGANS

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26
Q

LOCATION OF THE KIDNEYS

A

Above the waist
Retroperitoneal
Between T12 and L3
R kidney is slightly lower

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27
Q

What partially protects the kidneys?

A

11th and 12th ribs

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28
Q

This allows the kidneys to lie fairly high in the abdominal cavity

A

Patient in supine and in expiration

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29
Q

Radiographic correlation: the normal location of kidneys

Lie about halfway between the (1) and the (2)

A
  1. xiphoid process
  2. iliac crest
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30
Q

X-ray performed for the purpose of examining the urinary system and its surrounding

A

Kidney, ureter, and bladder (KUB)

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31
Q

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEYS

A

RENAL HILUM
RENAL FASCIA
ADIPOSE CAPSULE
RENAL CAPSULE

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32
Q

Indentation near the center of the concave border of the kidney

A

RENAL HILUM

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33
Q

RENAL HILUM is where the (1) emerges from the kidney along with (2), 3), and (4)

A
  1. ureter
  2. blood vessels
  3. lymphatic vessels
  4. nerves
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34
Q

Superficial layer of the kidney

A

RENAL FASCIA

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35
Q

Thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue that anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall

A

RENAL FASCIA

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36
Q

Middle layer of the kidneys

A

ADIPOSE CAPSULE

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37
Q

Mass of fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule

A

ADIPOSE CAPSULE

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38
Q

It protects the kidney from trauma and holds it firmly in place within the abdominal cavity

A

ADIPOSE CAPSULE

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39
Q

Deepest layer of the kidneys

A

RENAL CAPSULE

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40
Q

The RENAL CAPSULE is continuous up to the —

A

outer coat of the ureter

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41
Q

Enumerate what makes up:
1. Renal fascia
2. Adipose capsule
3. Renal capsule

A
  1. Thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue
  2. Mass of fatty tissue
  3. Smooth transparent sheet of irregular connective tissue
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42
Q

Three layers of tissue surround the kidneys

A

Renal capsule
Adipose capsule
Renal fascia

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43
Q

It serves as a barrier against trauma and helps maintain the shape of the kidney.

A

Renal capsule

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44
Q

INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEYS

A

Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Renal pyramids
Renal papillae
Renal columns
Major and minor calyces
Renal pelvis

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45
Q

An inferior displacement or dropping of the kidney. It occurs when the kidney slips from its normal position because it is not securely held in place by adjacent organs or its covering of fat

A

Nephroptosis

46
Q

Compositions of the RENAL PARENCHYMA

A

Renal cortex
Renal medulla

47
Q

THE RENAL CORTEX IS DIVIDED INTO 2 ZONES

A

CORTICAL ZONE (OUTER ZONE)
JUXTAMEDULLARY ZONE (INNER ZONE)

48
Q

Superficial, light red region of the kidneys

A

RENAL CORTEX

49
Q

Portions of the renal cortex that extend between renal pyramids

A

RENAL COLUMNS

50
Q

Deep, darker reddish-brown inner region of the kidneys

A

RENAL MEDULLA

51
Q

RENAL MEDULLA is compsed of

A

RENAL PYRAMIDS

52
Q

cone-shaped structure
collection of tubules

A

RENAL PYRAMIDS

53
Q

Renal papilla vs Base of pyramid

A

Renal papilla:
- Narrower end
- Apex
- Points toward the renal hilum

Base of pyramid:
- Wider end
- Adjacent to the cortex
- Faces the renal cortex

54
Q

RENAL LOBE consists of

A
  1. Renal pyramid
  2. Renal cortex
  3. Half of each adjacent renal colum
55
Q

Receives urine from the papillary ducts and delivers it to the major calyx

A

MINOR CALYX

56
Q

What forms the MAJOR CALYX?

A

When 2-3 minor calyces converge

57
Q

Number of minor and major calyces in each kidney

A

8-18 minor calyces
2 or 3 major calyces

58
Q

Vertical space or cleft in the hilum

A

RENAL SINUS

59
Q

THE RENAL SINUS CONTAINS

A
  1. PARTS OF RENAL PELVIS
  2. CALYCES
  3. BRANCHES OF RENAL BLOOD VESSELS
  4. NERVES
60
Q

INTERNAL MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEYS

A

Nephron
Collecting tubules

61
Q

Functional and structural units of the kidneys

62
Q

How many nephrons ar there in each kidney?

A

Approximately 1 million each kidney

63
Q

Parts of the nephron

A
  1. RENAL CORPUSCLE
  2. RENAL TUBULE
64
Q

Renal corpuscle vs Renal tubule

A

RENAL CORPUSCLE: where blood plasma is filtered

RENAL TUBULE: where the filtered fluid (glomerular filtrate) passes

65
Q

Components of the RENAL CORPUSCLE

A
  1. GLOMERULUS
  2. GLOMERULAR CAPSULE (BOWMAN’S CAPSULE)
66
Q

Capillary network
Tuft of capillaries associated with a renal tubule

A

GLOMERULUS

67
Q

Cup-shaped end of the renal tubule that surrounds the glomerulus

A

GLOMERULAR (BOWMAN’S) CAPSULE

68
Q

LAYERS OF THE GLOMERULAR (BOWMAN’S) CAPSULE

A
  1. VISCERAL (INNER) LAYER
  2. PARIETAL (OUTER) LAYER
69
Q

Cells in the visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule

A
  1. PODOCYTES
  2. PEDICELS
70
Q

Podocytes vs Pedicels

A
  1. PODOCYTES: Modified simple squamous epithelial cells
  2. PEDICELS: Footlike projections
71
Q

EPITHELIUM OF THE PARIETAL LAYER OF THE GLOMERULAR (BOWMAN’S) CAPSULE

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

72
Q

SPACE BETWEEN THE TWO LAYERS OF THE GLOMERULAR (BOWMAN’S) CAPSULE

A

CAPSULAR SPACE

73
Q

Difference of glomerulus and bowman’s capsule in terms of what they contain

A

Glomerulus: Blood
Bowman’s capsule: Filtrate

74
Q

Contractile cells that constitute the central stalk of the glomerulus

A

Mesangial cells

75
Q

Specialized vascular endothelial cells that form the walls of the glomerular tuft capillaries

A

Glomerular endothelial cells

76
Q

Main sections of the RENAL TUBULE

A
  1. PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT)
  2. NEPHRON LOOP (LOOP OF HENLE)
  3. DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (DCT)
77
Q

Means the tubule is tightly coiled rather than straight

A

Convoluted

78
Q

Renal tubule segment; lined by brush border cells

A

PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT)

79
Q

What does the PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT) reabsorb into the bloodstream?

A

Sodium
chloride
potassium
water
glucose
amino acids
bircarbonate
calcium
magnesium
phosphate

PC PM BC SWAG

80
Q

What does the PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT) secrete?

A

Ammonium and creatinine

81
Q

Division of the NEPHRON LOOP (LOOP OF HENLE)

A
  1. THIN DESCENDING LIMB
  2. THIN ASCENDING LIMB
  3. THICK ASCENDING LIMB
82
Q

Differentiate the division of the nephron loop in terms of their LININGS

A
  1. THIN DESCENDING LIMB: simple squamous epithelial cells
  2. THIN ASCENDING LIMB: simple squamous epithelial cells
  3. THICK ASCENDING LIMB: simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelial cells
83
Q

Differentiate the division of the nephron loop in terms of what they REABSORB

A
  1. THIN DESCENDING LIMB: Water
  2. THIN ASCENDING LIMB: Sodium and chlorine
  3. THICK ASCENDING LIMB: Ammonium, sodium, chloride
84
Q

RECEIVES FILTRATE FROM THE LOOP OF HENLE AND PASSES IT TO THE COLLECTING DUCTS

A

DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (DCT)

85
Q

2 sections of DCT

A

EARLY DCT
LATE DCT

86
Q

Differentiate the sections of DCT in terms of their LININGS

A

EARLY DCT: SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL CELLS

LATE DCT: SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL CELLS WITH PRINCIPAL CELLS AND INTERCALATED CELLS

87
Q

Differentiate the sections of DCT in terms what they REABSORB

A

EARLY DCT: WATER, SODIUM, CHLORIDE, AND CALCIUM

LATE DCT: WATER, SODIUM, BICARBONATE, AND UREA

88
Q

What segment of the DCT secretes? And what are those secretions?

A

LATE DCT: POTASSIUM AND HYDROGEN ION

89
Q

Formed by the union of many renal tubules

A

COLLECTING TUBULES

90
Q

Each of these collecting tubules has its own opening into a —

A

minor calyx

91
Q

What the collecting tubule reabsorbs

A

sodium
chloride
water

92
Q

What the collecting tubule secretes

A

ammonium
hydrogen ions
potassium

93
Q

BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE KIDNEYS AND FILTRATION

A

(AORTA)
1. R/L Renal arteries
2. Segmental arteries
3. Interlobar arteries
4. Arcuate arteries
5. Cortical radiate (interlobar) arteries
6. Afferent arteriole
7. GLOMERULUS
8. Efferent arteriole
9a. Peritubular capillaries
9b. Vasa Recta
10. Cortical radiate (interlobar) veins
11. Arcuate veins
12. Interlobar veins
13. Renal veins
(IVC)

94
Q

Normal renal blood flow

A

1,200 ml/ minute

95
Q

supplies blood to the kidneys

A

R/L RENAL ARTERIES

96
Q

supplies blood to the different segments of kidney

A

SEGMENTAL ARTERIES

97
Q

passes through the renal columns

A

INTERLOBAR ARTERIES

98
Q

passes through the bases of pyramids

A

ARCUATE ARTERIES

99
Q

divisions of arcuate arteries located in the cortex

A

CORTICAL RADIATE (INTERLOBULAR) ARTERIES

100
Q

supplies blood to the glomerulus

A

AFFERENT ARTERIOLES

101
Q

carries blood out of the glomerulus

A

EFFERENT ARTERIOLE

102
Q

surround tubular parts of nephron in renal cortex

A

PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES

103
Q

supply tubular portions of nephron in renal medulla

A

VASA RECTA

104
Q

BLOOD VESSELS THAT SECRETE

A

PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES (most prominent) OR VASA RECTA

105
Q

To produce urine, nephrons and collecting ducts perform these three basic processes

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

106
Q

Process in the glomerulus wherein blood plasma and dissolved substances (smaller than most proteins) get filtered into the glomerular capsule.

A

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

107
Q

All along the renal tubule and collecting duct, water, ions, and other substances get reabsorbed from the renal tubule lumen into the peritubular capillaries and ultimately into the blood.

A

TUBULAR REABSORPTION

108
Q

All along the renal tubule and collecting duct, substances such as wastes, drugs, and excess ions get secreted from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule. These substances ultimately make their way into the urine.

A

TUBULAR SECRETION

109
Q

Urine vs blood in terms of what they contain

A

Urine: Secreted substances
Blood: Reabsorbed materials

110
Q

PATH OF URINE FLOW

A
  1. Filitration of BLOOD in GLOMERULUS

FILTRATE GOES TO
2. BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
3. PCT
4. THIN DESCENDING
5. THIN ASCENDING
6. THICK ASCENDING
7. EARLY AND LATE DCT
8. COLLECTING DUCT
9. PAPILLARY DUCT
10. MINOR CALYX
11. MAJOR CALYX
12. RENAL PELVIS
13. URETER
14. URINARY BLADDER
15. URETHRA

122 (23 decks)

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