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(PA school) Human Physiology > Practice questions lecture 7 > Flashcards

Practice questions lecture 7 Flashcards

Extra Qs from ppt + cassidy's practice quiz

1
Q

Which refers to the volume of blood, flow rate or velocity of flow?

A

Flow rate

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2
Q

List triggers for intrinsic metabolic influences on arterioles to step in

A

-Decreased O2
-Increased CO2, increased acid (carbonic acid from CO2, lactic acid from glycolysis)
-Increased K+ (repeated AP’s outpace Na/K pump’s ability to restore ion gradients)
-Increased osmolarity (solutes increased during elevated metabolism)
-Adenosine release (especially in cardiac muscle)

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3
Q

What is histamine and where is it stored?

A

Paracrine stored in connective tissue and in circulating WBCs

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4
Q

What does histamine do to arterioles?

A

Vasodilates them (chemical intrinsic control)

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5
Q

Stretch, stress, and temperature all influence what?

A

Intrinsic control of arterioles

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6
Q

Describe neural control of arterioles

A

NE released from sympathetic nerve endings binds to A1-adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle

does not apply to cerebral arterioles

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7
Q

What two types of muscles have powerful local vasodilation mechanisms that allow them to overpower generalized sympathetic vasoconstriction?

A

Skeletal and cardiac muscles

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8
Q

The main region of control over arterioles is where?

A

Cardiovascular control center in medulla of brain stem

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9
Q

What is the integration center for blood pressure regulation?

A

Cardiovascular control center in medulla of brain stem

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10
Q

Which binds with both B2 and A1 receptors, norepinephrine or epinephrine?

A

Epinephrine

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11
Q

Which promotes vasodilation, B2 or A1 receptors?

A

B2

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12
Q

What hormone is triggered by the hypothalamus to increase water retention of kidneys, affecting water balance?

A

Vasopressin

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13
Q

What hormone secreted by the kidneys regulates salt balance as part of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A

Angiotensin II

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14
Q

True or false: All capillaries have no carrier-mediated systems

A

False; carrier-mediated systems present only in brain capillaries

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15
Q

Skeletal muscle and what tissue have similar capillary permeability?

A

Lung tissue

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16
Q

Ions, glucose, amino acids, but not proteins, can pass through water-filled pores in capillaries where?

A

Lung tissue and skeletal muscle

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17
Q

Where do capillaries allow lipid soluble materials like O2/CO2 to pass through lipid membrane?

A

Lung tissue and skeletal muscle

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18
Q

What capillaries have similar permeability to that of the kidneys?

A

Intestines

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19
Q

Where do capillaries have discontinuous endothelial cells?

A

Liver

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20
Q

What is lymph?

A

Interstitial fluid once it’s inside the lymphatic system

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21
Q

Lymph vessels empty into venous system near blood entering where?

A

right atrium

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22
Q

What is the lymph pump?

A

Smooth muscle of lymph vessels become distended with lymph and forcefully contract

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23
Q

Lymph vessels lie between what muscles?

A

Skeletal

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24
Q

What two things does lymph return to circulation?

A

IF and proteins

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25
Q

What does lymph transport?

A

Digested fats

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26
Q

What do lymph nodes contain?

A

Phagocytes

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27
Q

List the 4 groups of causes of edema (IF accumulation)

A

1) Reduced concentration of plasma proteins.
2) Abnormally increased capillary wall permeability.
3) Increased venous pressure.
4) Unable to return IF to circulation.

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28
Q

True or false: venules have little tone and resistance

A

True

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29
Q

Describe veins

A

Large radius, little resistance, thin walls, less smooth muscle, stretchable

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30
Q

Define venous return

A

Volume of blood per minute entering each atrium from the veins

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31
Q

What two things increase with sympathetic vasoconstriction of veins?

A

EDV and CO are increased

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32
Q

Where are vessels subject to pressure from weight of the overlying column of blood?

A

Below heart level

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33
Q

Paraphrase the 2 ways veins counter gravity

A

1) Sympathetic vasoconstriction is triggered by decreased MAP when standing up
2) Contractions in skeletal muscle break up blood column

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34
Q

How does cardiac suction help venous return?

A

Atrial pressure is below 0 mmHg during ventricular contraction (suction force) which exerts a vein-to-atria-to-ventricle pressure gradient

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35
Q

How does the respiratory pump help with venous return?

A

Pressure in chest cavity is slightly less than atmospheric pressure, veins in lower limbs have normal pressure, so pressure gradient helps.

36
Q

1) What is the pressure reservoir of the circulatory system?
2) What is the blood reservoir of the circulatory system?

A

1) Arteries
2) Veins

37
Q

Where is elastin found?

A

Larger arteries

38
Q

What is the main driving force for propelling blood to the tissues?

A

MAP

39
Q

What are the two main factors of MAP?

A

Cardiac output (CO) and TPR

40
Q

How do you calculate MAP?

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3rd pulse pressure

41
Q

What two things determine cardiac output (CO)?

A

Heart rate and stroke volume

42
Q

________________________ increases with increased venous return

A

Stroke volume

43
Q

What determines how much blood is pumped by the heart?

A

Blood volume

44
Q

What affects blood volume?

A

Balance between plasma and IF, salt and water balance, and hormones

45
Q

What affects blood viscosity the most?

A

RBCs

46
Q

What two things does TPR depend on?

A

Radii of all arterioles and blood viscosity

47
Q

True or false: Arteriolar radius is intrinsically and extrinsically controlled

A

True

48
Q

All of the types of short-term regulation of MAP are ultimately adjusting what two factors?

A

CO and TPR

49
Q

What causes long term adjustments to MAP?

A

Adjusting salt and water balance via urine output and thirst

50
Q

The baroreceptor reflex involves the carotid sinus and aortic arch (mechanoreceptors) constantly firing AP’s, which _____________ in frequency with rising MAP

A

increase

51
Q

What are sensitive to O2 and CO2 and can influence respiratory activity?

A

Carotid and aortic artery chemoreceptors

52
Q

What blood pressure reflexes regulate salt/water balance?

A

Left atrial volume receptors and hypothalamic osmoreceptors

53
Q

What governs cardiovascular responses associated with certain emotions and behaviors like blushing, anger, fear?

A

Cerebral cortex-hypothalamic pathway

54
Q

Hypothalamic control over _____________________ helps with temperature regulation

A

cutaneous arteries

55
Q

Constant HTN damages vessels, predisposing to ___________________, which narrows lumens, which increases TPR, which further elevates BP

A

atherosclerosis

56
Q

What happens when the heart works harder to pump blood against resistance [due to HTN]?

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

57
Q

Why does systolic heart failure happen due to HTN?

A

Heart weakens and becomes unable to pump against elevated pressure

58
Q

HTN can cause:
Strokes caused by rupture of ________________ arteries
Heart attacks caused by rupture of _______________ arteries

A

1) cerebral arteries
2) coronary arteries

59
Q

HTN can lead to vessel damage throughout the body that can cause kidney failure and loss of what sense?

A

Vision

60
Q

Neurally defective vasoconstrictor tone is what type of shock?

A

Neurogenic

61
Q

When blood pressure falls so low that tissue demands are not met, this is called what?

A

Circulatory shock

62
Q

Excess vomiting can cause what type of circulatory shock?

A

Hypovolemic

63
Q

Septic and anaphylactic shock are both what type of circulatory shock?

A

Vasogenic

64
Q

What two types of shock are due to widespread vasodilation?

A

Neurogenic and vasogenic

65
Q

What two types of shock are due to decreased cardiac output?

A

Cardiogenic and hypovolemic

66
Q

If the difference in pressure of blood flow increases, what change to the flow rate of blood would there be?

A

Increased

67
Q

How is flow rate measured?

A

Difference in pressure gradient over resistance of blood vessel

68
Q

Difference in pressure gradient over resistance of blood vessel

A

BP

69
Q

What is the heart’s ventricular pressure during diastole?

A

0mmHg

70
Q

What measures the average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle?

A

MAP

71
Q

What is the critical MAP level in which the body cannot sustain for longer than 1 minute before organs are not receiving enough oxygen?

A

50

72
Q

What two factors are responsible for vascular tone?

A

1) Sympathetic fibers supplying NE
2) Voltage gated Ca+ channels

73
Q

What is the most well known endothelial vasoactive paracrine?

A

Nitric oxide

74
Q

When blood flow resumes after a tourniquet is removed, how does it relate to its baseline blood flow?

A

Faster

75
Q

What two things trigger histamine release?

A

Tissue injury
Allergic rxns

76
Q

What are 3 roles of sympathetic fibers as part of extrinsic arteriole control?

A

1) Controlling MAP by adjusting peripheral resistance in the body
2) Promote vasoconstriction
3) Norepinephrine binding to A1-adrenergic receptors on smooth m.

77
Q

Where is the main region for cardiovascular control in the brain?

A

Medulla

78
Q

Within the adrenal medulla for hormonal extrinsic control of arterioles, _____ combines with A1 receptors for vasoconstriction

A

NE

79
Q

What is the speed with which blood flows through a given circulatory segment?

A

Velocity of flow

80
Q

Where do capillaries have the largest fenestrations and gaps in their endothelial cells?

A

Liver

81
Q

Where do lymph vessels empty into?

A

Venous system near right atrium

82
Q

________ concentration of plasma proteins is a reason for edema/ excess interstitial fluid accumulation.

A

Reduced

83
Q

What vessel has a large radium, little resistance, and thin walls with less smooth muscle?

A

Veins

84
Q

What is venous blood pressure normally at?

A

17mmHg

85
Q

Pressure in the chest cavity is _____________ than atmospheric pressure.

A

slightly less

86
Q
A

(PA school) Human Physiology (35 decks)

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