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(PA school) Human Physiology > Practice lecture 3 questions > Flashcards

Practice lecture 3 questions Flashcards

Lecture 3 questions from Cassidy + other lecture 3 content I need to review

1
Q

What causes a runners high?

A

The analgesic system’s release of enkphalin

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of the analgesic system? Is it ascending or descending?

A

Periaqueductal gray matter, medulla, and reticular formation; descending

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3
Q

Tissue damage releases ______ which enhances pain by lowering the activation threshold of nociceptors.

A

prostaglandins

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4
Q

Mechanical and thermal receptors use which type of pain fiber to reach the CNS?

A

A-delta fibers

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5
Q

Glutamate binding with _______receptors ultimately transmits pain signals, while when glutamate binds with ________ receptors the injured area is more sensitized.

A

AMPA transmits, NMDA sensitizes

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6
Q

What consists of a two-neuron efferent pathway?

A

The ANS

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7
Q

What organs are not affected by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Liver’s glycogen stores, Adipose cells, sweat glands, adrenal medulla, and brain activity

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8
Q

__________ receptors are nicotinic and muscarinic, while __________ receptors are Alpha 1 & 2 and Beta 1 & 2.

A

Cholinergic, Adrenergic

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9
Q

Penis and clitoris blood vessels receive what kind of innervation?

A

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic (unlike all other blood vessels)

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10
Q

Mucous-y and thick saliva is a result of what part of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic

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11
Q

Watery and enzyme-rich saliva is a result of what part of the ANS?

A

Parasympathetic

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12
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic cell body releases Ach to postsynaptic cell body’s ___________ receptors, which then releases NE to ________ and_________ receptors on effector organ.

A

nicotinic; A1, A2, and B1, B2

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13
Q

In the parasympathetic nervous system, preganglionic fibers release Ach to the postsynaptic body’s nicotinic receptors, which then release ________ to ________ receptors

A

Ach to muscarinic receptors

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14
Q

True or False? Muscarinic receptors are on the postganglionic cell bodies in all autonomic ganglia.

A

False; nicotinic receptors are

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15
Q

A1 receptors are found on most __________ tissues and have a ____________ response. They respond to the neurotransmitter ______________.

A

sympathetic; excitatory; norepinephrine

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16
Q

What receptors are found in digestive tissues and have an inhibitory response?

A

A2

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17
Q

Metoprolol is an example of an ______, since it blocks the production of a response in a receptor by decreasing blood pressure, heart rate, and force of heart contractions.

A

antagonist

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18
Q

Alpha receptors have an affinity for what NT?

A

Norepinephrine (over epinephrine)

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19
Q

What receptors are only found in the heart and kidneys?

A

B1 adrenergic receptors

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20
Q

What type of receptors only bind with epinephrine?

A

B2

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21
Q

What type of receptor has an equal affinity for NE and E?

A

B1

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22
Q

Which has an inhibitory response, B1 or B2 receptors?

A

B2

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23
Q

What type of receptors are found in the smooth muscles of arterioles and bronchioles?

A

B2

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24
Q

What binds to an NT’s receptor and causes same response the NT would?

A

Agonists

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25
Q

What medication actives B2 adrenergic receptors, dilating bronchioles in asthma without stimulating the heart excessively?

A

Albuterol

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26
Q

What receptors does metoprolol block in order to decrease blood pressure by decreasing heart rate and force without affecting bronchioles?

A

B1 adrenergic receptors

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27
Q

Give 3 examples of spinal-cord integration (autonomic reflexes)

A

Urination, defecation, erection

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28
Q

What controls cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive autonomic activity?

A

Medulla of brainstem

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29
Q

Emotional expression, such as blushing when embarrassed, comes from which portion of the brain?

A

Prefrontal association cortex

30
Q

True or False? Subconscious activity such as walking, posture, and balance are part of the somatic system and under voluntary control.

A

True

31
Q

True or false: Unlike two-neuron chain of the autonomic fibers, the axons of motor neurons continue to their endings on skeletal muscle

A

True

32
Q

What do the axons of motor neurons release?

A

Ach

33
Q

True or false: The only way the CNS can influence skeletal muscle is by acting on motor neurons

A

True

34
Q

True or false: motor neurons only receive excitatory presynaptic inputs

A

False; both excitatory and inhibitory

35
Q

Nerves and __________ cells do not come into direct contact

A

muscle

36
Q

True or false: the somatic nervous system does not use electrical transmission to control muscles

A

True; gap between neuron and muscle is too large, uses NTs instead

37
Q

What triggers the release of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction?

A

Calcium

38
Q

List the steps between a neuron’s action potential and a muscle fiber contracting (6 steps)

A

1) Action potential triggers opening of calcium channels in neuron
2) Calcium triggers Ach to be released by neuron
3) Ach binds to nicotinic receptors of muscle membrane
4) Triggers channels to open and an influx of Na+
5) Causing depolarization
6) Depolarization spreads throughout muscle fiber, muscle contracts

39
Q

True or false: for a muscle contraction, an action potential triggers opening of voltage-gated calcium channels in only some of the terminal buttons of a motor neuron

A

False; triggers opening of Ca channels in all terminal buttons

40
Q

What provides feedback for motor control?

A

Afferent muscle innervation

41
Q

LMNs are found in the _________ horns of the spinal cord

A

ventral

42
Q

The knee-jerk reflex when the patella is hit is an example of a ___________ _____________reflex

A

myotatic (muscle stretch) spinal reflex

43
Q

The two types of spinal reflexes are myotatic and ______________________

A

flexor withdrawal

44
Q

List the 5 tracts of the CNS where you can find upper motor neurons

A

1) Corticospinal
2) Corticobulbar
3) Rubiospinal
4) Vestibulospinal
5) Reticulospinal tracts

45
Q

Position and movements of the head is part of the ______________ tract and innervates __[direction]____from the brain stem.

A

Vestibulospinal; ipsilateral

46
Q

What tract mainly controls the upper limbs and descends on the contralateral side?

A

Rubrospinal tract

47
Q

What descending motor tract controls reflexes, truck/limb muscles, and posture control?

A

Reticulospinal

48
Q

The pons and medulla influence what descending motor tract?

A

Vestibulospinal

49
Q

What descending motor tract has both ipsilateral and contralateral control?

A

Reticulospinal

50
Q

What areas of the brain influence the rubrospinal tract?

A

Red nucleus receives input from cerebellum and cerebral motor areas

51
Q

Injuries to what two areas can produce upper motor neuron sign?

A

Motor cortex or corticospinal tract

52
Q

What helps control rhythmic things like chewing gum or walking?

A

Central generator programs

53
Q

The ___________ is the origin of descending tracts that influence posture and movement

A

brainstem

54
Q

Define decerebrate posturing

A

Rigid extension

55
Q

Define decorticate posturing

A

Abnormally flexed

56
Q

When you’re actively wanting to move:
1) What part of your brain says “I want to get over there, how do I move there?”
2) What area organizes patterns of movements?
3) What area executes the act of moving?
4) What area keeps you from tripping over stuff while walking and knows when to stop walking?

A

1) Prefrontal cortex: plans movement
2) Premotor cortex: organizes
3) Primary motor cortex: executes
4) Posterior parietal: stops

57
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

Frontal lobe in the precentral gyrus

58
Q

What part of the brain involved in movement has somatotopic organization/ homunculus?

A

Primary motor cortex

59
Q

What is the tract that is involved in rapid, skilled, discrete movements of the hands and descends down the contralateral side?

A

Corticospinal tract

60
Q

What is the primary efferent tract from the cortex?

A

Corticospinal tract

61
Q

Besides the prefrontal cortex and primary motor cortex, what aids in the preparation and initiation of movement?

A

The basal ganglia (and cerebrocerebellum)

62
Q

What part of the cerebellum is involved in maintaining balance and eye movements?

A

Vestibulocerebellum

63
Q

What part of the cerebellum coordinates complex voluntary movements?

A

Spinocerebellum

64
Q

Planning and coordination of movement input to the cortical motor areas comes from which division of the cerebellum?

A

Cerebrocerebellar

65
Q

If you have nystagmus, what part of the cerebellum isn’t working?

A

Vestibulocerebellum

66
Q

The intrinsic circuitry of the cerebellum is regulated by what type of cell and neurotransmitter? Is this excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Purkinje cells, which use GABA and are inhibitory

67
Q

Give 6 potential consequences of cerebellar lesions

A

1) Hypotonia: muscle flaccidity
2) Dysdiadochokinesia: rapid alternating movements
3) Dysarthria: Garbled speech
4) Intention tremor
5) Decrease in motor learning
6) Ataxia in general

68
Q

True or false: The cerebellum is only involved in movement

A

False; many other roles including working memory, learning, emotion, addiction, pain, etc.

69
Q

What does poliovirus destroy?

A

Cell bodies of motor neurons

70
Q

What disorder causes degeneration of motor neurons, which keeps them from being able to contract?

A

ALS

71
Q

What can cause explosive release of ACh at all cholinergic sites, causing muscles to be unable to relax?

A

Black widow venom

72
Q

What blocks ACh release from motor neuron terminal buttons, keeping muscles from responding to nerve impulses?

A

Botulinum toxin

(PA school) Human Physiology (35 decks)

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