Practice lecture #1 questions Flashcards
Topics I was shaky on from lecture 1 + cassidy's practice quiz
The process in which change is promoted is called a __________.
positive feedback loop
A Negative feedback loop, such as shivering when cold, promotes _______.
Stability
__________ help the body recognize their own cells. This is also how blood typing is performed.
Carbohydrates
What process promotes salivation when you are anticipating eating food?
Feedforward control
The Sodium/ Potassium pump is an example of what?
Equilibrium
True or False: The phospholipid bilayer is oriented with __________ heads encasing _________tails.
hydrophilic heads; hydrophobic tails
An abnormal amount of surface glycoprotein/ lipid markers, that restrict cell overgrowth and regulate cell density, could point to __________.
cancer
_________ is more concentrated outside of the cell while, __________ is more concentrated inside of the cell.
Sodium, Potassium
What are 3 solutes that are more concentrated inside of the cell?
Potassium, Magnesium, and Protein.
True or false: osmolality is the same inside and outside the cell
True
Is pH higher or lower inside the cell than outside?
Lower (7.2 vs 7.4)
______ law states that substances move from high concentration to a low concentration.
Fick’s
True or false: Ligand gated channels open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential.
False; that’s voltage-gated channels
Neurotransmitters use what kind of channels?
Ligand gated
True or false: Ligand gated channels produce a conformational change in the protein.
True
What are only open on one side of the membrane at a time and involves a change in the protein?
Carrier-Mediated transport channels
There are ___ binding sites for Na+ and ____ binding sites for K+ during carrier protein transport of the Na+/K+ pump.
3; 2
True or False: Glucose “hitches a ride” with sodium down its concentration gradient during secondary active transport of the Na+/K+ pump, in which no energy is needed.
True
Cells are _________ polarized on the inside compared to the outside
negatively
What is secondary active transport?
Steals energy from an ion moving down its concentration gradient during primary active transport, doesn’t require more energy
Symports and antiports are a feature of what process?
Secondary active transport
True or false: Na+ has more leak channels for passive transport than K+. Explain your answer
False; K+ has many more leak channels for passive transport than Na+.
Passive leaking of K+ is resisted by ___________ in the cell that are __________ charged.
nonpermeable proteins; negatively
The principal anion of the ECF that transports mostly via passive diffusion is what?
Cl-
The Nerst equation calculates _________, while the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation calculates _____________.
Equilibrium potential, Membrane potential
True or false: The electrochemical gradient = electrical gradient + concentration gradient.
True
The osmolality of the ______ regulates cell volume.
ECF
If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, you can expect the cell volume to _______.
increase
What 3 things does apoptosis play a key role in?
Embryonic development, tissue turnover, and the immune system
In cystic fibrosis, defective CFTR gets stuck in the ________, and the plasma membrane becomes impermeable to __________.
ER-Golgi system; chloride
_____________________ therapy is driven by solute transport
Oral rehydration
The doomsday trigger of cells is what?
Cytochrome c (component of electron transport system)
What organelle plays a key role in apoptosis?
Mitochondria
The nucleus is surrounded by a ______________________ and contains the nucleolus, which contains _____ chromosomes
nuclear envelope; 46 chromosomes
The 3 types of RNA are?
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
_______________ is the most common fatal genetic disorder and affects the pancreas and lungs
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
List the 3 parts of cellular respiration
1) Glycolysis
2) The the citric acid cycle (aka The Krebs cycle)
3) Oxidative phosphorylation (aka the electron transport chain)
What phase of cellular respiration does not require directly require oxygen?
Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
O2 is required for __________ to enter the Krebs cycle
pyruvate
During aerobic, low intensity exercise these types of cellular respiration occur
Oxidative phosphorylation and citric acid cycle
During anaerobic exercise, _____________ is used
glycolysis
Oxidative Phosphorylation yields ____ ATP molecules per glucose molecule
28
A woman who smokes while pregnant with a daughter induces epigenetic changes in how many generations? Explain
3 (herself, her daughter, and her daughter’s children)
Epigenetics is the study of ______________ induced modifications to gene activity
environmentally
True or false: in epigenetics DNA is altered
False
