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(PA school) Human Physiology > Practice questions lecture 6 > Flashcards

Practice questions lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Which area of autorhythmic cells being solely intact/functioning would cause the most severe cardiac related symptoms?

A

Bundle of His/Purkinje fibers

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2
Q

Which path is longer, the interatrial or internodal pathway?

A

Interatrial

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3
Q

The refractory period of cardiac muscle is ______ compared to the duration of the contraction.

A

Long

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4
Q

What area of autorhythmic cells fires at a rate of 40-60
APs per minute?

A

AV node

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5
Q

What rate do the bundle of His/ purkinje fibers fire at?

A

20-40

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6
Q

Action potential arrives at AV node ________ after SA node firing

A

30ms

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7
Q

Where do the 4 major EKG leads go?

A

1) Right arm white
2) Right leg green
3) Left arm black
4) Left leg red

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8
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

Ventricular repolarization

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9
Q

True or false? The SA node does not generate enough activity to reach the body surface, so it is not seen on an EKG.

A

True

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10
Q

What does the PR segment of an EKG represent?

A

AV nodal delay

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11
Q

What part of an EKG represents ventricular plateau phase?

A

ST segment

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12
Q

_______ elongation can be caused by Zofran and Z-pack

A

QT

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13
Q

Use 2 words to describe fibrillation

A

Rapid and irregular

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14
Q

What EKG abnormality is described as necrosis due to lack of O2/blood?

A

Infarction

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15
Q

An abnormality where the ventricles occasionally fail to be stimulated is called?

A

Block

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16
Q

The time between ventricular repolarization and another atrial depolarization is called?

A

Mid-ventricular Diastole

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17
Q

The SA node reaches threshold and fires (atria contract) during which stage?

A

Late ventricular diastole

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18
Q

The end-diastolic volume of the ventricles (maximum amount of blood) is what?

A

135mL

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19
Q

The AV valves close and the ventricles contract when?

A

Onset of ventricular systole

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20
Q

What stage of heart contraction are all valves closed and no blood is entering or leaving?

A

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

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21
Q

When does isovolumetric ventricular contraction occur?

A

Right after the onset of ventricular systole

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22
Q

What is the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each contraction?

A

Stroke volume

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23
Q

End-systolic volume averages ____, while stroke volume averages around ______.

A

65mL, 70mL

24
Q

What equals stroke volume?

A

EDV - ESV

25
Q

For ventricular filling to begin, ______________ pressure falls below _____________ pressure

A

ventricular; atrial

26
Q

When does isovolumetric ventricular relaxation occur?

A

Onset of ventricular diastole

27
Q

What does the QRS complex of the cardiac cycle represent?

A

Ventricular depolarization

28
Q

What is occurring during atrial depolarization (P-wave)?

A

Atria are contracting and forcing blood into ventricles

29
Q

What occurs during the QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization; ventricular contraction closes AV valves

30
Q

What occurs during ventricular repolarization (t wave)?

A

SL valves open and blood is ejected from ventricles

31
Q

Systole lasts _________ms, diastole lasts ____________ms

A

300ms; 500ms

32
Q

True or false? Systole is longer than diastole.

A

False

33
Q

When heart rate is rapid, which phase of the cardiac cycle is shortened?

A

Diastole

34
Q

Total cardiac output equals what times what?

A

SV x heart rate

35
Q

Heart rate determined primarily by what?

A

Autonomic influence on SA node

36
Q

How does stimulation of the vagus nerve impact the heart?

A

Decrease HR, increase AV node refractory period, increase PR (pulse rate)

37
Q

How does norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves binding to B1 receptors affect the heart?

A

Increase HR, decrease AV refractory period, decrease PR, increase contractility (SV)

38
Q

____________________ law states that when the volume of blood in the ________________ increases, the stroke volume also increases?

A

Frank-Starling law; ventricles

39
Q

What are heart sounds caused by?

A

Vibrations in the ventricles and major arteries

40
Q

True or false? AV valves close during S1, while semilunar valves close during S2.

A

True

41
Q

What is the most common cause of turbulence?

A

Valve malfunction

42
Q

What kind of sound does a stenotic valve produce?

A

Whistling

43
Q

Frank-starling law: Increased venous return increases ______________ volume

A

stroke

44
Q

True or false: Different activities result in differences in venous return

A

True

45
Q

Cardiac muscle fiber length is determined by what?

A

EDV

46
Q

What causes MI in 50% of deaths?

A

Coronary artery disease

47
Q

Greater EDV (greater filling) = ______________ force of contraction

A

greater

48
Q

Is S1 or S2 low-pitched, soft, and long?

A

S1

49
Q

What sound does an insufficient/ incompetent valve produce?

A

Gurgling, swishing

50
Q

Do insufficient valves cause regurgitation, or stenotic valves?

A

Insufficient

51
Q

What kind of sound does a stenotic valve produce?

A

Whistling

52
Q

_______ murmurs occur between first and second heart sounds while _______ murmurs occur between second and first heart sounds.

A

Systolic, Diastolic

53
Q

A whistling systolic murmur could be what?

A

Aortic/pulmonary stenosis

54
Q

True or false? Diastolic HF is when the heart can’t fully fill, while systolic HF is when the heart can’t fully pump.

A

True

55
Q

Name the 3 mechanisms caused by the condition that causes MI in 50% of deaths

A

Vascular spasm
Atherosclerosis
Thromboembolism

56
Q

Contractility decreases in what type of heart failure?

A

Systolic

57
Q

Decompensation and congestive heart failure where talked about in the context of ____________ heart failure

A

systolic

(PA school) Human Physiology (25 decks)

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