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(PA school) Human Physiology > More lecture 10qs > Flashcards

More lecture 10qs Flashcards

1
Q

The renal artery gives rise to how many segmental arteries?

A

5

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2
Q

Where does water in urine come from?

A

Plasma

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3
Q

How do the kidneys protect acid base balance?

A

By conserving or excreting H+ ions

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4
Q

What do the kidneys activate?

A

Vitamin D

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5
Q

How are kidneys involved with blood cell regulation?

A

Produce EPO

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6
Q

What is made of striated triangles called renal pyramids?

A

Renal medulla

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7
Q

One of what supplies each nephron and delivers blood to each glomerulus?

A

Small afferent arterioles

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8
Q

Only place in the body where capillaries drain into arterioles rather than veins is where?

A

Glomerular capillaries

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9
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Specialized region made of vascular and tubular cells

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10
Q

All nephrons originate where?

A

Cortex

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11
Q

What type makes up 80% of nephrons?

A

Cortical

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12
Q

The glomerulus lies in inner cortex of what nephrons?

A

Juxtamedullary

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13
Q

Peritubular capillaries of ____________________ nephrons form vasa recta

A

juxtamedullary

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14
Q

How much filtrate is formed each day?

A

180L

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15
Q

______% of the plasma that enters glomerular capillaries is filtered into the Bowman’s capsule

A

20%

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16
Q

Of the 180L of filtered plasma, 178.5L is ________________

A

reabsorbed

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17
Q

What do the 3 layers fluid passes to enter Bowman’s capsule retain? What do they let pass?

A

Retain blood cells and plasma proteins, pass H2O and smaller molecules

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18
Q

True or false: the fenestrations in the glomerular capillaries do not let RBCs out

A

True

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19
Q

Where are glycoproteins found?

A

In the basement membrane (b/t glomerulus and bowman’s capsule)

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20
Q

1% of proteins that slip through are degraded into amino acids in __________________ and reabsorbed, thus normal urine is protein free

A

proximal tubule

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21
Q

Podocytes are found where?

A

Inner layer of Bowman’s capsule

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22
Q

True or false: No local energy is used to move fluid across the membrane into Bowman’s capsule

A

True

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23
Q

What 2 things does glomerular capillary blood pressure depend on?

A

1) Heart contraction
2) Resistance in afferent and efferent arterioles

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24
Q

True or false: glomerular capillary blood pressure only depends on afferent arteriole pressure

A

False; both afferent and efferent

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25
Q

Glomerular capillary pressure is _____________ than other capillaries

A

higher

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26
Q

What concentration gradient establishes tendency of water to move from Bowman’s capsule into glomerulus?

A

Plasma proteins

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27
Q

What does increased arterial blood pressure do?

A

Increase blood flow into glomerular capillaries

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28
Q

What pressure tends to push fluid out of capsule (opposing filtration)?

A

Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure

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29
Q

GFR depends on what 3 things?

A

1) NFP
2) Glomerular surface area
3) Glomerular permeability

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30
Q

What is a measure of how much blood passes through glomeruli each minute?

A

GFR

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31
Q

Can burns increase or decrease GFR?

A

Increase

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32
Q

Can dehydration increase or decrease GFR?

A

Decrease

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33
Q

Urinary tract obstruction (kidney stone, enlarged prostate) can increase what pressure?

A

Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure

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34
Q

MAP and afferent arteriole resistance largely determine what?

A

Glomerular capillary blood pressure

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35
Q

The body regulates GFR by adjusting what pressure?

A

Glomerular capillary blood pressure

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36
Q

Two control mechanisms regulate GFR by regulating ______________________ of ________________ arterioles

A

radius (resistance); afferent

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37
Q

What is extrinsic control of GFR also called?

A

Sympathetic control

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38
Q

What prevents momentary changes in BP from changing GFR?

A

Autoregulation (intrinsic)

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39
Q

Extrinsic controls do what to autoregulatory responses?

A

Override them

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40
Q

Are baroreceptors or chemoreceptors involved in GFR control?

A

Baroreceptors

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41
Q

Baroreceptor reflex response achieves what?

A

Sympathetic control of GFR

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42
Q

1) When baroreceptors detect a fall in BP, what does the brainstem then do?
2) What two things does this then increase?

A

1) Initiates sympathetic stimulation of heart and vessels
2) Cardiac output and peripheral resistance (incl. of afferent arteriole)

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43
Q

Which arterioles are more sympathetically innervated?

A

Afferent

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44
Q

What happens when the baroreceptors detect low BP?

A

Sympathetic vasoconstriction is reduced

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45
Q

Substances being returned from tubular lumen into peritubular capillaries is called what?

A

Tubular reabsorption

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46
Q

To leave tubular fluid, a substance must cross what?

A

Luminal membrane [of tubular cell]

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47
Q

What is within tubular cells?

A

Cytosol

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48
Q

What part of tubular cells must be crossed to enter IF?

A

Basolateral membrane

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49
Q

How do substances enter plasma?

A

Diffusing through IF, then penetrating capillary wall

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50
Q

List 3 things that require active transport during reabsorption

A

Glucose, amino acids, electrolytes

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51
Q

80% of the energy spent by kidneys is used for ______ transport

A

Na+

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52
Q

True or false: all segments of the tubules transport the same amounts of Na+

A

False; different segments of the tubules transport differing amounts of Na+

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53
Q

Where is the Na-K ATPase pump?

A

Basolateral membrane of tubular cells

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54
Q

How is Na+ reabsorbed?

A

Na-K pump transports Na+ out of tubular cell into lateral space where it builds up

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55
Q

Once it’s pumped out for reabsorption, sodium diffuses _[up/down]___concentration gradient into interstitial fluid and then peritubular capillary

A

down

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56
Q

Na+ and Cl- account for _____% of ECF osmotic activity

A

90%

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57
Q

When Na+ load is __high/low___, it “holds” water and fluid volume expands

A

high

58
Q

Expansion of ________ volume increases BP, reduction decreases BP

A

plasma

59
Q

Na+ regulating mechanisms regulate what pressure?

A

Arterial blood pressure

60
Q

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is the most important system for the regulation of what molecule?

A

Na+

61
Q

What secretes renin?

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

62
Q

True or false: the kidneys don’t have any baroreceptors

A

False; have intrarenal baroreceptors

63
Q

Baroreceptor reflex sympathetic activity stimulates _______ secretion

A

renin

64
Q

Falling NaCl, fluid volume, and BP trigger the kidneys to secrete what?

A

Renin

65
Q

What produces angiotensinogen?

A

Liver

66
Q

What converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I?

A

Renin

67
Q

What converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II? Where does it come from?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme from lungs

68
Q

1) What does angiotensin II do to the heart? (2 things)
2) What does it increase outside the heart? (3 things)

A

1) Increases HR and contractility
2) Vasopressin, thirst, and arteriolar vasoconstriction

69
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Increase Na+ reabsorption by tubules (Cl- follows)

70
Q

Someone with a high BNP usually has what?

A

HF

71
Q

ANP and BNP are produced by the heart and inhibit what?

A

Na+ reabsorption

72
Q

ANP and BNP are released when heart muscles detect what?

A

stretch

73
Q

The concentration at which tubular maximum is reached is called ______________

A

renal threshold

74
Q

True or false: Plasma membrane carriers are specific to the substance being transported

A

True

75
Q

Once transported into tubular cell, what passively diffuse down gradients into plasma?

A

Nutritionally important molecules

76
Q

What osmotically follows Na+?

A

H2O

77
Q

What is reabsorbed down electrical gradient created by Na+?

A

Cl-

78
Q

Urea has a limited permeability of which only allows ____% of urea to be reabsorbed

A

50%

79
Q

Urea is from ____________ breakdown

A

protein

80
Q

What are the 4 most important things that are secreted into tubules?

A

H+, K+, organic anions and cations

81
Q

Increased acidity increases ______ ion secretion.

A

H+

82
Q

What ion is tightly controlled by the kidneys?

A

K+

83
Q

What do prostaglandin and epinephrine have in common?

A

They’re organic ions that are secreted into tubules (tubular secretion) because they need to be removed to avoid prolonged activity

84
Q

Many foreign compounds are organic ions including what 3 things?

A

Food additives, drugs, environmental pollutants

85
Q

Is flow in the vasa recta the same as in the loops of henle or not?

A

Not the same; countercurrent

86
Q

What allows water to be reabsorbed?

A

Vertical osmotic gradient

87
Q

Countercurrent multiplication is a _________ feedback loop that ends with a high concentration at the ___________ of the loop of Henle

A

positive; bottom

88
Q

What part of the loop of Henle has Na-K pumps?

A

Ascending limb

89
Q

Why does water leave the descending limb?

A

Because of the sodium that leaves the ascending limb

90
Q

Does the ascending or descending limb have higher concentration?

A

Descending

91
Q

What direction does high concentration fluid in the loop of henle go?

A

Down

92
Q

What ascends the ascending loop of henle?

A

Less concentrated fluid

93
Q

What is secreted when ECF is too concentrated (H2O deficit)?

A

ADH/ vasopressin

94
Q

What two things are only permeable to H2O in the presence of vasopressin?

A

Distal and collecting tubules

95
Q

What detects hypertonicity?

A

Hypothalamus

96
Q

The bladder is richly supplied with _____________________ fibers which cause contraction which empties urine via urethra

A

parasympathetic

97
Q

What is the last part of the bladder called?

A

Internal urethral sphincter

98
Q

What does parasympathetic action inhibit?

A

Motor neurons of external urethral sphincter

99
Q

Give 3 side effects of uremic toxicity (a symptom of kidney failure)

A

Platelet dysfunction, nerve damage, GI symptoms

100
Q

Inability to secrete H+ causes what?

A

Metabolic acidosis

101
Q

Blood pressure issues (edema (excess) or hypotension/ shock (deficiency)) can all result from what effect of kidney failure?

A

Sodium imbalance

102
Q

What increases cardiac and neural excitability?

A

K+ retention (renal failure side effect)

103
Q

The “internal pool” of a substance is the amount of that substance in the ECF, or ICF?

A

ECF

104
Q

______ composes 2/3rds of body water, ________ 1/3rd

A

ICF; ECF

105
Q

Plasma and IF are both types of what?

A

ECF

106
Q

True or false: lymph and transcellular fluids (CSF, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, etc.) are major considerations in fluid balance

A

False; they’re minor

107
Q

ECF components (plasma and IF) are separated by walls of what?

A

Blood vessels

108
Q

Transfer of H2O between plasma and IF is governed by what?

A

Imbalances across the capillary walls

109
Q

Hydrostatic pressure of what are low and fairly constant?

A

ECF and ICF

110
Q

All exchanges of H2O between ICF and external world must occur through what?

A

ECF

111
Q

If plasma’s volume or composition is changed, then the volume and composition of what is also changed?

A

IF

112
Q

Control mechanisms acting on plasma indirectly regulate what?

A

IF (and thus ECF volume as a whole)

113
Q

What are the two factors in regulating fluid balance in the body?

A

ECF volume and osmolarity

114
Q

ECF ___________ is controlled by salt balance

A

volume

115
Q

ECF ___________ is controlled by water balance

A

osmolarity

116
Q

Increased ECF osmolality causes what to be secreted?

A

Vasopressin

117
Q

What are the short term and long term controls of ECF volume?

A

Short term controls: baroreceptor reflex, automatic fluid shifts between plasma and IF due to hydrostatic pressures
Long term controls: kidneys regulate output, thirst regulates input

118
Q

What are responsible for ICF osmolarity?

A

K+ and anionic proteins

119
Q

Loss of ECF H2O will lead to ________tonic ECF

A

hypertonic

120
Q

True or false: Any change of H2O (that is not accompanied by a comparable change in solutes) will lead to a change in ECF osmolarity

A

True

121
Q

How does the body regulate ECF osmolarity? (2 ways)

A

Vasopressin and fluid shifts

122
Q

True or false: water input and output should be equal

A

True

123
Q

What stimulates thirst and vasopressin?

A

Angiotensin II

124
Q

What can suppress/stimulate vasopressin and thirst?

A

Left atrial volume receptors

125
Q

Increased ECF osmolarity leads to increased thirst and increased vasopressin because of what receptors?

A

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors

126
Q

Elevated renal capillary hydrostatic pressure increases _____ ion excretion

A

Na+

127
Q

Sodium deprivation does not lead to _____ ion loss by the kidneys

A

K+

128
Q

Diuretics promote ____ ion excretion by the kidney

A

Na+

129
Q

What is regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and atrial natriuretic peptide?

A

Extracellular Na+

130
Q

What ion balance is sensitive to blood chemistry, hormones, drugs and pathological conditions?

A

K+

131
Q

Thiazide diuretics increase the reabsorption of what ion?

A

Ca+

132
Q

True or false: Most of the Ca2+ filtered through the glomeruli is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

True

133
Q

High plasma ________ levels have a sedative effect and may cause cardiac arrest.

A

Mg2+

134
Q

Control of Ca+ excretion occurs where? (2 places)

A

The loop of Henle and distal nephron

135
Q

What is the major site for the reabsorption of filtered Mg2+? What does 25% of it?

A

Loop of Henle; PCT does 25%

136
Q

Low plasma ______ ion concentration causes neuromuscular hyperirritability and cardiac arrhythmias

A

Mg2+

137
Q

The PCT is the major site of reabsorption of what ions?

A

Ca2+ and phosphate

138
Q

99% of ____ is in bones, and so is 80% of _______

A

Ca2+; phosphate

139
Q

PTH inhibits the reabsorption of _______________ but stimulates the reabsorption of ___________________

A

phosphate; calcium

140
Q

What in the urine is an important pH buffer?

A

Phosphate

141
Q

Chronic renal disease often leads to an elevated plasma __________ and decreased plasma __________

A

phosphate; calcium

(PA school) Human Physiology (25 decks)

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